tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-79970651219513047512024-03-12T19:55:38.344-07:00hasanudin mpAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07603932376022842245noreply@blogger.comBlogger37125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7997065121951304751.post-40224862599557768122013-01-21T20:26:00.001-08:002013-01-21T20:26:02.501-08:00rancangan denah klinik<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Instalasi Radiologi adalah salah satu instalasi penunjang medis di suatu
rumah sakit dan klinik. Keberadaan instalasi radiologi ini mempunyai peranan
yang sangat penting dalam membantu menegakkan diagnosa. Selain ketersediaan
prasarana dan peralatan penunjang diagnostik yang memadai, tata letak ruangan
di instalasi radiologi merupakan suatu hal yang perlu diperhatikan demi
kelancaran dan efektifnya suatu pelayanan. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam perencanaan dan pengembangan tata ruang instalasi radiologi di suatu klinik,
biasanya kedua hal tersebut , proses pengerjaannya dilakukan oleh seorang
arsitek yang telah ditunjuk oleh pihak rumah sakit. Karena seorang arsitek
tidak memiliki latar belakang ilmu radiologi, kadang-kadang hasil pengerjaan
dari tata letak ruangan tersebut belum sesuai dengan standar ruang radiologi
yang kita inginkan., misalnya tata letak ruang kamar gelap yang terlalu jauh
dari kamar pemeriksaan, lebar pintu kamar pemeriksaan yang terlalu sempit,
penempatan wastafel yang tidak sesuai, dsb. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memang dalam proses perencanaan dan pengembangan tata letak ruangan di
instalasi radiologi, pihak manajemen rumah sakit atau klinik biasanya meminta
saran kepada kita tentang tata letak ruangan yang sesuai dengan standar ruang
radiologi. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PERANCANGAN DAN PEMASANGAN PESAWAT</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Tahapan-tahapan Instalasi</div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Pra instalasi</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 87.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -30.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Instalasi</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 87.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -30.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Uji fungsi</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 87.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -30.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Uji coba </div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Cara pemasangan pesawat rontgen dari yang terbesar :</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 87.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -30.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Dental X-ray</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 87.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -30.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Pesawat rontgen portable</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 87.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -30.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Mobile X-ray</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 87.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -30.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Stasionaire X-ray</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Syarat-syarat pemasangan mobile x-ray</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 87.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -30.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kabel dengan grounding (fasa dan nol)</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 87.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -30.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Diameter kabel besar</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 87.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -30.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Line resistance (tahana jalur) mestilah ada
disetiap pesawat pesawat rontgen</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PRA INSTALASI</span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
Adalah
segala yang diperlukan dalam pemasangan. Segala sesuatu yang termasuk pra
instalasi adalah sebagai berikut ;</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level3 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Denah ruangan</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level3 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Penempatan stop kontak</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level3 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Jalur kabel = dilantai , di dalam dinding, lobang
plafon</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level3 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Jendela operator : untuk melihat padien</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level3 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Fondasii x-ray</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l13 level2 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Untuk pasien monitor</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l13 level2 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Untuk HTT</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l13 level2 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Untuk tube stand</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
Contoh
ruangan yang akan di desain denahnya : </div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Mid-scan</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>CT scan</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Angiografi</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Linier axelerator</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>MRI</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENGADAAN PESAWAT</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">RONTGEN</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
Contohnya :</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>General multi porpose</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Tegangan max = 150 kV</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Arus max = 500 mA</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Timer = 0-5 S</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Fungsi lengkap </div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Radiografi</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Fluoroskopi</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Fotoseri</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DALAM PENYERAHAN BARANG HARUS
DITENTANG</span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Dokumen teknik</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Dengan buku manual</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Instalation dan adjusment instruction</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Service manual</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Wiring diagram</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Instalasi</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Uji coba</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Paparan rdiasi</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kalibrasi – centering kolimator</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Calibrasi</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
Menyesuaikan antara
nilai output dengan nilai setting</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMASANGAN PESAWAT SINAR X</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
Setiap
pesawat sinar x harus sesuai dengan spesifikasi keselamatan alat, perlengkapan
proteksi radiasi operasional, proteksi pasien dan uji kepatuhan dengan tujuan
klinik tetapi harus diperhatikan juga dosis yang terlalu kecil mangakibatkan
pemeriksaan tidak berhasil. Ruangan minimal untuk pemeriksakan adalah 4 X 6
meter.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Pesawat sinar x dapat dikelompokan dalam 3 tipe :</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Pesawat sinar x mobile</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Pesawat sinar x portable</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Pesawat sinar x stasionary</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Pesawat<u> </u>sinar x untuk diagnosting sangat
beragam, antara lain :</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>pesawat sinar x umum, misal MCS, tomografi</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>pesawat sinar x mamografi</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>pesawat sinar x C-arm untuk pemeriksaan umum di
kamar operasi dan pemeriksaan khusus (Angiografi) </div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Dibagian jantung :</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>pesawat sinar x craniografi (scull unit)</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>pesawat sinar x ESWL (Extra corconal shockwave
litotrapci)</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>pesawat sinar x CT scan (computterize tomografi)</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>pesawat sinar x gigi konvensional (intra-oral
film) dan panoramic maupun chepalometri</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>pesawat sinar x simulator</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
Sinar
x adalah radiasi pengion, berasal dari filamen/ katode yang dipanasi arus
listrik dalam tabung vakum. Beda potensial/tegangan antara target anoda dan
katoda menentukan energi maksimum. Energi sinar x yang terbentuk. Tegangan
tersebut dapat diatur dalam suatu generator pada range sekitar 30 – 150 kV. </div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">G.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Denah Ruang Pesawat Sinar X</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
Beberapa
hal yang perlu diperhatikan dalam intalasi ruangan pesawat x-ray diagnostig
sebelum bangunan didirikan antara lain ; lokasi bangunan, letak ruangan, desain
ruangan dna tebal dinding maupun perisai pintu ; lokasi ruangan radiologi
sebaiknya dekat dengan kamar bedah dan layanan darurat ; mudah dicapai oleh
pasien bangsal </div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Dalam fasilitas radiologi memperhaatikan faktor-faktor
berikut :</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>faktor guna (use faktor)</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>faktor penempatan (Occupancy Factor)</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Beban kerja (work load)</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Laju paparan radiasi desain mingguan (weekly
design exposure rate)</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Ruang operator</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Tanda radiasi</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Spesifikasi keselamatan pesawan sinar X-ray diagnostig </div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Spesifikasi radiografi</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Spesifikasi Fluorokopi</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Spesifikasi peralatan proteksi radiasi</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Keselamatan operasional</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Proteksi pasien</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>General ekspolrator</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Control table</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>HTT</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Tube stand</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>X-ray cup</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Asparatus</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Pasien tabel</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Exporator</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>CCTV</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Bucky wall stand</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Bucky table</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Intensifying screen</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Greed</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Caset</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Peletakan x-ray unit</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Diperhatikan ada kemudahan lalu lintas operator
/ radiologi</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Diperhatikan ada kemudahan lalu lintas dokter
radiolog</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Diperhatikan ada kemudahan lalu lintas pasien</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Diperhatikan ada kemudahan lalu lintas para
petugas radiasi</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Diperhatikan ada kemudahan lalu lintas
adinistrasi</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Diperhaikan keselamatan pasien, operator,
radiolog, dan administrasi</div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Diperhatikan kemudahan perbaikan pesawat</div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Diperhatikan kemudahan pemeliharan pesawat</div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Pra instalasi</div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Pasien table</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kabel bawah tanah</div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Lantai</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07603932376022842245noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7997065121951304751.post-83246437364125818392013-01-10T15:52:00.000-08:002013-01-10T15:52:03.547-08:00<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07603932376022842245noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7997065121951304751.post-88715506562654562922013-01-01T19:19:00.003-08:002013-01-01T19:19:20.338-08:00komputer radiologi<!--[if !mso]>
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<o:shapelayout v:ext="edit">
<o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/>
</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]-->
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">BAB I</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Latar Belakang</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Komputer merupakan alat modern yang tidak bisa
dilepaskan dari kehidupan sehari-hari. Mulai dari mengerjakan pekerjaan
kantor, multimedia, bahkan hiburan. Dewasa ini perkembangan komputer
semakin berkembang dan masih akan terus berkembang tanpa batas. Kita
sebagai manusia mau tidak mau harus mengikuti perkembangan kemajuan
teknologi khususnya bidang komputerisasi agar kita tidak termakan oleh
alat yang kita buat sendiri.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Saat ini komputer hampir dapat dijumpai di setiap
kantor pemerintah, perusahaan, sekolah, atau bahkan rumah tangga. Perkembangan
teknologi komputer yang pesat, khususnya di bidang perangkat lunak, membuat
computer menjadi semakin <i>user friendly</i>dan telah menjadikannya suatu
kebutuhan bagi kalangan tertentu, misalnya kalangan bisnis. Dalam melakukan
pekerjaan mereka sangat tergantung pada komputer. Komputer tidak lagi hanya
digunakan sebagai pengganti mesin tik ataupun alat hitung, namun kini juga
banyak digunakan dalam membantu pembuatan keputusan penting.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Atas dasar itu penulis mencoba membahasnya
dalam bentuk karya tulis dengan harapan dapat berguna bagi orang lain
khususnya bagi penulis.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rumusan Masalah</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Adapun rumusan masalah dalam penulisan makalah ini
adalah:</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Apa itu komputer?</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Apa komponen-komponen dasar
komputer?</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Apa manfaat komputer bagi kehidupan
sehari-hari?</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tujuan Penulisan</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Adapun tujuan penulisan makalah ini adalah untuk
megetahui lebih mendalam tentang apa itu komputer, komponen-komponen dasar
komputer, sistem operasi komputer dan manfaat komputer bagi kehidupan
sehari-hari.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">BAB II</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengertian Komputer</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Definisi Komputer berasal dari bahasa latin
“computare” yang mengandung arti menghitung. Karena luasnya
bidang garapan ilmu komputer, para pakar dan peneliti sedikit berbeda dalam
mendefinisikan termininologi computer yaitu :</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -28.65pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menurut Hamacher , komputer adalah
mesin penghitung elektronik yang cepat dan dapat menerima informasi input
digital, kemudian memprosesnya sesuai dengan program yang tersimpan di
memorinya, dan menghasilkan output berupa informasi.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -28.65pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menurut Blissmer, komputer adalah
suatu alat elektonik yang mampu melakukan beberapa tugas sebagai berikut:</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. Menerima
input</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. Memproses input
tadi sesuai dengan programnya</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c. Menyimpan
perintah-perintah dan hasil dari pengolahan</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d. Menyediakan
output dalam bentuk informasi</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -28.65pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sedangan
Fuori berpendapat bahwa komputer adalah suatu pemroses data yang
dapat melakukan perhitungan besar secara cepat, termasuk perhitungan aritmetika
dan operasi logika, tanpa campur tangan dari manusia.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Komponen-komponen computer</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="364" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\ivan\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.jpg" width="400" /></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Komponen – komponen dalam sistem komputer terbagi 3,
yang tidak bisa terpisahkan yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="height: 199px; left: 0px; margin-left: 345px; margin-top: 3px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 183px; z-index: 1;"><img height="199" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\ivan\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.jpg" width="183" /></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hardware (
Perangkat Keras )</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Processing Device</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Input Device</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Output Device</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Storage Device</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Software (
Perangkat Lunak )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Operating System</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Application Program</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Language Program</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Brainware
( Orang Yang Mengoperasikan Komputer )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hardware ( Perangkat Keras )</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perangkat yang dapat kita
lihat dan dapat kita sentuh secara fisik, seperti perangkat perangkat masukan,
perangkat pemroses, maupun perangkat keluaran. Peralatan ini umumnya cukup canggih.
Dia dapat bekerja berdasarkan perintah yang ada padanya, yang disebut juga
dengan instruction set tadi. Dengan adanya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">perintah yang dimengerti
oleh mesin tersebut, maka perintah tersebut melakukan berbagai aktifitas kepada
mesin yang dimengerti oleh mesin tersebut sehingga mesin bisa bekerja berdasarkan
susunan perintah yang didapatkan olehnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Processing
Device (CPU)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">CPU ( Central Processing
Unit ) berperanan untuk memproses arahan, melaksanakan pengiraan dan menguruskan
laluan informasi menerusi system komputer. Unit atau peranti pemprosesan juga
akan berkomunikasi dengan peranti input , output dan storan bagi melaksanakan arahan-arahan
berkaitan. Dalam komputer-komputer modern, kedua unit ini terletak dalam satu
sirkuit terpadu (IC - Integrated Circuit), yang biasanya disebut CPU (Central
Processing Unit). CPU</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">memiliki fungsi adalah
program-program yang disimpan dalam memori utama dengan cara mengambil
instruksiinstruksi, menguji instruksi tersebut dan mengeksekusinya satu persatu
sesuai perintah. Pandangan sederhananya adalah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">operasi pembacaan instruksi
(fetch) dan operasi pelaksanaan instruksi ( execute ). CPU memiliki dua bagian
utama, yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ALU (
Arithmetic Logic Unit )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Unit Aritmatika dan Logika,
atau Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), adalah alat yang melakukan semua operasi aritmatika
dengan dasar penjumlahan sehingga sirkuit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">elektronik yang digunakan
disebut adder juga melakukan keputusan dari suatu operasi logika sesuai dengan instruksi
program. Operasi logika meliputi perbandingan dua operand dengan menggunakan
operator logika tertentu, yaitu sama dengan (=), tidak sama dengan (_), kurang
dari (<), kurang atau sama dengan (_), lebih besar dari (>), dan lebih
besar atau sama dengan (_) ALU juga dapat melakukan pelaksanaan arimatika
(pengurangan, penambahan dan semacamnya), pelaksanaan logis ( AND, OR, NOT ),
dan pelaksanaan perbandingan (membandingkan dua slot dengan kesetaraan).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">CU (
Control Unit )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Unit control, mengatur dan
mengendalikan semua peralatan yang ada pada sistem komputer, kapan alat input
menerima data dan kapan data diolah serta kapan ditampilkan pada alat output.
Mengartikan instruksi instruksi dari program komputer. Membawa data dari alat input
ke memori utama. Mengambil data dari memori utama untuk diolah. Mengirim
instruksi ke ALU jika ada instruksi untuk perhitungan aritmatika atau
perbandingan logika. Membawa hasil pengolahan data kembali ke memori utama lagi
untuk disimpan, dan pada saatnya akan disajikan ke alat output. Selain itu CPU
juga memiliki beberapa alat penyimpanan yang berukuran kecil yang disebut
dengan Register yang memiliki fungsi Alat penyimpanan kecil dengan kecepatan
akses cukup tinggi, yg digunakan untuk menyimpan data dan instruksi yang sedang
diproses, sementara data dan instruksi lainnya yang menunggu giliran untuk
diproses, masih disimpan di dalam memori utama. Banyak register dalam CPU,
masing-masing sesuai dengan fungsinya yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 5.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Instruction
Register ( IR )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 5.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Digunakan untuk menyimpan instruksi yang sedang diproses.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 5.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Program
Counter ( PC )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 5.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Digunakan untuk menyimpan alamat lokasi dari memori utama yang berisi
instruksi yang sedang diproses. Selama pemrosesan instruksi, isi PC diubah menjadi
alamat dari memori utama yang berisi instruksi berikutnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 5.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">General
Purpose Register</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 5.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Punya kegunaan umum yang berhubungan dengan data yang sedang diproses.
Contoh, yang digunakan untuk menampung data disebut operand register, untuk
menampung hasil disebut accumulator. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 5.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memory
Data Register ( MDR )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 5.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Digunakan untuk menampung data atau instruksi hasil pengiriman dari
memori utama ke CPU atau menampung data yg akan direkam ke memori utama, hasil
pengolahan oleh CPU. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 5.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memory
Address Register</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 5.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Digunakan untuk menampung alamat data atau instruksi pada memori utama yg
akan diambil atau yang akan diletakkan. Selain register, beberapa CPU
menggunakan suatu cache memory yang mempunyai kecepatan sangat tinggi, agar
kerja CPU lebih efisien. Tanpa cache memory, CPU akan menunggu sampai
data/instruksi diterima dari memori utama, atau menunggu hasil pengolahan
selesai dikirim ke memori utama, baru proses selanjutnya bisa dilakukan.
Padahal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 5.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">proses dari memori utama lebih lambat disbanding kecepatan register
sehingga akan banyak waktu terbuang. Dengan adanya cache memory, sejumlah blok
informasi pada memori utama dipindahkan ke cache memory dan selanjutnya CPU
akan selalu berhubungan dengan cache memory.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 5.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Input and
Output Device</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">I/O membolehkan komputer
mendapatkan informasi dari dunia luar, dan menaruh hasil kerjanya di sana,
dapat berbentuk fisik (hardcopy) atau non fisik (softcopy). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ada berbagai macam alat I/O, dari yang akrab
keyboard, monitor dan disk drive, ke yang lebih tidak biasa seperti webcam (kamera
web, printer, scanner, dan sebagainya. Yang dimiliki oleh semua alat masukan
biasa ialah bahwa mereka meng-encode (mengubah) informasi dari suatu macam ke
dalam data yang bisa diolah lebih lanjut oleh sistem komputer igital. Alat
output, men-decode data ke dalam informasi yang bisa dimengerti oleh pemakai komputer.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Input
Device</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Input Device adalah perangkat
keras komputer yang berfungsi sebagai alat untuk memasukan data atau perintah
ke dalam komputer. Alat-alatnya adalah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 5.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keyboard</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 5.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pointing
Device</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 6.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level2 lfo16; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mouse</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 6.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level2 lfo16; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Touch
screen</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 6.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level2 lfo16; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Digitizer
Grapich Tablet</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 5.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Scanner</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 5.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Microphone</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Output
Device</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Output Device adalah perangkat
keras komputer yang berfungsi untuk menampilkan keluaran sebagai hasil pengolahan
data. Keluaran dapat berupa hard-copy (ke kertas), soft-copy (ke monitor),
ataupun berupa suara. Alatnya antara lain adalah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 5.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Monitor</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 5.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Printer</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 5.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Speaker</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 5.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Storage
Device</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Register CPU berukuran kecil
sehingga tidak dapat menyimpan semua informasi, maka CPU harus dilengkapi dengan
alat penyimpan berkapasitas lebih besar yaitu <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>memori utama. Terbagi menjadi dua yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 5.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Internal Storage</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 5.0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Adalah media penyimpanan
yang terdapat didalam komputer yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 5.0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="99" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\ivan\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image006.jpg" width="124" /></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 6.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">RAM (
Random Access Memory )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 6.0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Untuk menyimpan program yang
kita olah untuk sementara waktu. Dapat diakses secara acak ( dapat diisi/ditulis,
diambil, atau dihapus isinya ). Struktur RAM terbagi menjadi empat bagian
utama, yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 6.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1. Input Storage</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 6.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Digunakan untuk menampung input yang dimasukkan melalui alat input.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 6.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2. Program Storage</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 6.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Digunakan untuk menyimpan semua instruksi-instruksi program yang akan
diakses.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 6.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3. Working Storage</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 6.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Digunakan untuk menyimpan data yang akan diolah dan hasil pengolahan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 6.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4. Output Storge</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 6.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Digunakan untuk menampung hasil akhir dari pengolahan data yang akan
ditampilkan ke alat output.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 6.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ROM ( Read
Only Memori )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 6.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memori yang hanya bisa dibaca dan berguna sebagai penyedia informasi pada
saat komputer pertama kali dinyalakan. Hanya dapat dibaca, tidak bisa mengisi sesuatu
ke dalam ROM, sudah diisi oleh pabrik pembuatnya. Berupa sistem operasi yg
terdiri dari program pokok, seperti program untuk mengatur penampilan karakter
di layar, pengisian tombol kunci papan ketik untuk keperluan kontrol tertentu,
dan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 6.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">bootstrap program. Program bootstrap diperlukan padasaat pertama kali
sistem komputer diaktifkan (booting), yang dapat berupa cold booting atau warm
booting. Dimungkinkan untuk merubah isi ROM, dengan cara memprogram kembali,
yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 184.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory), yang hanya dapat diprogram satu
kali.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 184.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory), dapat dihapus dgn sinar
ultraviolet, dapat diprogram kembali berulang-ulang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 184.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory), dapat
dihapus secara elektronik dan dapat diprogram kembali.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 5.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 5.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">External Storage</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 5.0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="height: 83px; left: 0px; margin-left: 445px; margin-top: 67px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 83px; z-index: 3;"><img height="83" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\ivan\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image008.jpg" width="83" /></span><span style="height: 67px; left: 0px; margin-left: 360px; margin-top: 49px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 67px; z-index: 2;"><img height="67" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\ivan\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image010.jpg" width="67" /></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perangkat
keras untuk melakukan operasi penulisan, pembacaan & penyimpanan data, di
luar komponen utama, yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 6.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Floppy
Disk</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 6.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="height: 80px; left: 0px; margin-left: 360px; margin-top: 6px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 80px; z-index: 4;"><img height="80" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\ivan\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image012.jpg" width="80" /></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hard Disk</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 6.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">CD Room</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 6.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">DVD</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 6.0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Software ( Perangkat Lunak )</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rangkaian prosedur dan
dokumentasi program yang berfungsi menyelesaikan masalah yang dikehendaki.
Merupakan data elektronik yang disimpan sedemikian rupa oleh komputer itu sendiri,
data yang disimpan ini dapat berupa program atau instruksi yang akan dijalankan
oleh perintah, maupun catatan-catatan yang diperlukan oleh komputer untuk
menjalankan perintah yang dijalankannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Operating
System</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sistem operasi atau
operating system ialah Program dasar pada komputer yang menghubungkan pengguna
dengan hardware komputerPerangkat lunak yang dihubungkan dengan pelaksanaan
program dan koordinasi dari aktivitas sistem komputer. Ada beberapa macam
system operasi diantaranya adalah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Linux</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Windows</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mac OS</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tugas sistem operasi
termasuk (tetapi tidak hanya) mengurus penjalanan program di atasnya,
koordinasi Input, Output, pemrosesan, memori, serta penginstalan dan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">pembuangan software. Sistem
operasi, menentukan program yang mana dijalankan, kapan, dan alat yang mana
(seperti memori atau I/O) yang mereka gunakan. Sistem operasi juga memberikan servis
kepada program lain, seperti kode (driver) yang membolehkan programer untuk
menulis program untuk suatu mesin tanpa perlu mengetahui detail dari semua alat
elektronik yang terhubung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Application
Program</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Yaitu program komputer yang
siap digunakan atau disebut juga program siap pakai. Program paket digunakan untuk
aplikasi bisnis secara umum, aplikasi khusus dibidang industri, aplikasi untuk
meningkatkan produktifitas organisasi atau perusahaanan aplikasi untuk
produktifitas perorangan. Contoh :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Microsoft
Word</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Microsoft
Excel</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">CorelDraw
X4</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dll</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 19.5pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Language
Program</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Language Program atau bahasa
pemrograman adalah bahasa yang digunakan oleh manusia untuk berkomunikasi dengan
komputer, karena komputer memiliki bahasa sendiri maka komputer tidak akan
merespon selain menggunakan Bahasa Pemrograman, seperti :Bahasa komputer yang digunakan
untuk menulis instruksi-instruksi program untuk melakukan suatu pekerjaan yang
dilakukan oleh programer, seperti :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Visual
basic</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Turbo
pascal</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Delphi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Brainware</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Brainware adalah orang yang
mengoperasikan sebuah komputer, karena jika tidak ada orang yang mengoperasikan
maka tidak akan dapat digunakan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Operasi Sistem Komputer</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Secara umum, sistem komputer
terdiri atas CPU dan sejumlah device controller yang terhubung melalui sebuah
bus yang menyediakan akses ke memori. Umumnya, setiap device controller
bertanggung jawab atas sebuah hardware spesisfik. Setiap device dan CPU dapat
beroperasi secara konkuren untuk mendapatkan akses ke memori. Adanya beberapa
hardware ini dapat menyebabkan masalah sinkronisasi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Karena itu untuk mencegahnya
sebuah memory controller ditambahkan untuk sinkronisasi akses memori. Pada
sistem komputer yang lebih maju, arsitekturnya lebih kompleks. Untuk
meningkatkan performa, digunakan beberapa buah bus . Tiap bus merupakan jalur
data antara beberapa device yang berbeda. Dengan cara ini RAM, Prosesor, GPU
(VGA AGP) dihubungkan oleh bus utama berkecepatan tinggi yang lebih dikenal
dengan nama FSB (Front Side Bus) . </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sementara perangkat lain yang
lebih lambat dihubungkan oleh bus yang berkecepatan lebih rendah yang terhubung
dengan bus lain yang lebih cepat sampai ke bus utama. Untuk komunikasi antar
bus ini digunakan sebuah bridge . Tanggung jawab sinkronisasi bus yang secara
tak langsung juga mempengaruhi sinkronisasi memori dilakukan oleh sebuah bus
controller atau dikenal sebagai bus master. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bus master akan
mengendalikan aliran data hingga pada satu waktu, bus hanya berisi data dari
satu buah device. Pada prakteknya bridge dan bus master ini disatukan dalam
sebuah chipset .Jika komputer dinyalakan, yang dikenal dengan nama booting,
komputer akan menjalankan bootstrap program yaitu sebuah program sederhana yang
disimpan dalam ROM yang berbentuk chip CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor).
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Chip CMOS modern biasanya
bertipe EEPROM(Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory), yaitu
memori non-volatile (tak terhapus jika power dimatikan) yang dapat ditulis dan
dihapus dengan pulsa elektronik. Lalu bootsrap program ini lebih dikenal
sebagai BIOS (Basic Input Output System). Bootstrap program utama, yang
biasanya terletak di Motherboard akan memeriksa hardware-hardware utama dan
melakukan inisialisasi terhadap program dalam hardware yang dikenal dengan nama
firmware Bootstrap program utama kemudian akan mencari dan meload kernel sistem
operasi ke memori lalu dilanjutkan dengan inisialisasi sistem operasi.Dari sini
program sistem operasi akan menunggu kejadian tertentu. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kejadian ini akan menentukan
apa yang akan dilakukan sistem operasi berikutnya ( event-driven ). Kejadian
ini pada komputer modern biasanya ditandai dengan munculnya interrupt dari
software atau hardware, sehingga Sistem Operasi ini disebut Interrupt-driven.
Interrupt dari hardware biasanya dikirimkan melalui suatu signal tertentu,
sedangkan software mengirim interrupt dengan cara menjalankan system call atau
juga dikenal dengan istilah monitor call. System/Monitor call ini akan menyebabkan
trap yaitu interrupt khusus yang dihasilkan oleh software karena adanya masalah
atau permintaan terhadap layanan sistem operasi. Trap ini juga sering disebut
sebagai exception . Setiap interrupt terjadi, sekumpulan kode yang dikenal
sebagai ISR (Interrupt Service Routine) akan menentukan tindakan yang akan
diambil. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Untuk menentukan tindakan
yang harus dilakukan, dapat dilakukan dengan dua cara yaitu polling yang
membuat komputer memeriksa satu demi satu perangkat yang ada untuk menyelidiki
sumber interrupt dan dengan cara menggunakan alamat alamat ISR yang disimpan
dalam array yang dikenal sebagai interrupt vector di mana sistem akan memeriksa
Interrupt Vector setiap kali interrupt terjadi. Arsitektur interrupt harus
mampu untuk menyimpan alamat instruksi yang di- interrupt . Pada komputer lama,
alamat ini disimpan di tempat tertentu yang tetap, sedangkan pada komputer
baru, alamat itu disimpan di stack bersama-sama dengan informasi state saat
itu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penggolongan Komputer</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penggolongan Komputer Literatur terbaru tentang
komputer melakukan penggolongan komputer berdasarkan tigal hal: data yang
diolah, penggunaan, kapasitas/ukurannya, dan generasinya. </span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berdasarkan Data Yang Diolah</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo4; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Komputer Analog</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo4; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Komputer Digital</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo4; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Komputer Hybrid</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berdasarkan Penggunannya</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level4 lfo4; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Komputer Untuk Tujuan Khusus
(Special Purpose Computer)</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level4 lfo4; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Komputer Untuk Tujuan Umum (General
Purpose Computer)</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berdasarkan Kapasitas dan Ukurannya</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Komputer Mikro (Micro Computer)</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Komputer Mini (Mini Computer)</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Komputer Kecil (Small Computer)</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Komputer Menengah (Medium Computer)</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Komputer Besar (Large Computer)</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Komputer Super (Super Computer)</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berdasarkan Generasinya</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Komputer Generasi Pertama
(1946-1959)</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Komputer Generasi Kedua (1959-1964)</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Komputer Generasi Ketiga (1964-1970)</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Komputer Generasi Keempat
(1979-sekarang)</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Komputer Generasi Kelima</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Manfaat Komputer</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Manfaat komputer dalam kehidupan sehari- hari sangat
banyak dan sangat membantu, mempermudah , mempecepat pekerjaan –pekerjaan
manusia diantaranya adalah :</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7997065121951304751" name="more"></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bidang Pendidikan</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dengan adanya komputer mempermudah bagi pegawai
administrasi sekolah untuk membuat kurikulum pengajaran , jadwal pelajaran
sekolah, membuat daftar nama siswa , membuat daftar nilai siswa , membuat absen
siswa , membuat perhitungan gaji pegawai dan membuat perencanaan pengajaran
bagi guru-guru sekolah.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mengakses Informasi Pendidikan lewat Internet. Seiring
perkembangan jaman Internet telah merambah sekolah-sekolah setingkat
kecamatan,sehingga akses informasipun semakin mudah diperoleh untuk kemajuan
pendidikan tiap-tiap sekolah.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bidang Kesehatan</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mempermudah Dokter dan Perawat dalam memonitor
kesehatan pasien monitor detak jantung pasien lewat monitor komputer, aliran
darah, memeriksa organ dalam pasien dengan sinar X. Sebagai contoh saat
perawatan Almarhum Mantan Presiden Soeharto di Rumah Sakit Pertamina Jakarta,
tahun 2008. Dengan teknologi modern bisa memonitor, bahkan menggantikan fungsi
organ dalam seperti Jantung, Paru-paru dan Ginjal. Itu merupakan teknologi
kesehatan yang digabungkan dengan teknologi Informasi dan Komputer.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bidang Transportasi</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dengan komputer semua jadwal dan jalur penerbangan
yang transit dibandara bisa di program dan dijadwalkan dengan komputer. Untuk
menerbangkan sendiri pesawat dilengkapi dengan peralatan komputer. Bahkan
setelah mencapai ketinggian tertentu pesawat bisa di terbangkan otomatis dengan
pilot otomatis yang sudah diprogram di dalam kmputer.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dengan komputer, narigasi kapal laut bisa ditentukan
koordinat dan arah gerak kapal. Demikian juga penjualan tiket di Bandara , Stasiun
, Dan Terminal Bus di layani dengan cepat menggunakan komputer.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bidang Jasa Pengiriman Barang</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kantor Pos bisa mengirimkan dokumen pengiriman barang
lebih cepat dan akurat.Dengan adanya komputer dan internet orang tidak lagi
menunggu berhari-hari menerima surat, cukup lewat email saja lebih cepat dalam
sekejap, jadi dunia menjadi semakin sempit dalam arti bisa diakses sedemikian
cepatnya.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bidang industri Otomotif</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mobil-mobil di buat dari kerangka body, mesin,
peralatan elektronik di pabrik dengan bantuan robot yang dikendalikan oleh
komputer dengan leih akurat. Dengan bantuan komputer pabrik-pabrik otomotif
bisa memproduksi mobil dalam jumlah ratusan perbulan, yang tidak mungkin
dikerjakan secara manual dengan tenaga manusia.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bidang Jasa Konstruksi</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dengan komputer para Insiyur dan Arsitek mendesain
gambar konstruksi dengan pemodelan dan perhitungan yang akurat, cepat dan
tepat. Gambar kontruksi didesain menggunakan program CAD, sedangkan untuk
perhitungan analisis dan penganalisa kekuatan menggunakan program SAP2000 atau
STAD III yang dioperasikan dengan bantuan komputer.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bidang Jasa Percetakan</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Percetakan koran, majalah , buku-buku, semua
dikerjakan dengan mesin yang di operasikan oleh komputer sehingga dalam waktu
singkat bisa mencetak buku atau majalah atau koran dalam jumlah ratusan bahkan
jutaan exemplar, bisa menghemat waktu dan biaya, seandainya dikerjakan dengan
manual oleh manusia, butuh berapa ribu orang untuk mengetik di kertas koran dan
perlu berapa lama untuk menyelesaikan, keburu berita menjadi basi dantidak
up-to date lagi.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bidang Industri Perfilman</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Semua efek-efek di dunia akting , animasi, dan
penyotingan adegan film semua di rekam dengan perangkat elektronik yang
dihubungkan dengan komputer. Animasinya juga di kembangkan mempergunakan
animasi yang dibuat dengan aplikasi komputer. Sebagai contoh film-film
Hollywood berjudul TITANIC itu sebenarnya tambahan animasi untuk menggambarkan
kapal raksasa yang pecah dan tenggelam, sehingga tampak menjadi seolah-olah
mirip dengan kejadian nyata.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bidang Industri Rekaman</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bahwa untuk menghasilkan suara yang bagus perlu
pengaturan perekam dan modifikasi suara dengan media komputer, serta mencetak
lagu-lagunyapun di bantu dengan system komputer. Untuk mencetak album kedalam
VCD atau DVD perlu bantuan pogram komputer untuk memproses pembuningan atau
pembakaran CD sehingga bisa merekam suara dengan kualitas sangat tinggi.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bidang Pertahanan dan Keamanan</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Negara maju seperti Amerika telah dilengkapi dengan
peralatan satelit yang dikendalikan dari Bumi, untuk memantau serta memetakan
keadaan dipermukaan Bumi, pada Perang dunia II dan yang terakhir dengan Irak ,
Amerika menggunakan Jaringan Inteligen yang dilengkapi dengan Teknologi
komputer dan Informasi modern sehingga bisa mengalahkan lawan-lawanya.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bidang Olah Raga</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pertandingan sepak bola piala dunia di tayangkan oleh
satelite yang di hubungkan dengan pesawat penerima di bumi kemudian dipancarkan
ke seluruh satelit pemancar TV di belahan bumi, sehingga acara olah raga
sedunia itu bisa dinikmati oleh semua orang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pabrik Sepatu</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Proses pembuatan sol sepatu dalam berbagai ukuran dan
detail bentuknya dikerjakan dengan cara dan system komputer. Pertama-tama model
dikerjakan dengan progam CADCAM untuk mendaesain sol sepatu dari berbagai
ukuran kemudian di cetak dan di jadikan Mall cetakan untuk proses selanjutnya
dengan penambahan bahan dari kulit dan kemudian dijahit dan diberi stiker atau
logo yang dikerjakan dengan komputer.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">BAB III</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PENUTUP</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo10; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kesimpulan</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Definisi Komputer berasal dari bahasa latin
computare yang mengandung arti menghitung. Elemen dari sistem
computer terdiri dari manusianya (brainware), perangkat lunak (software),
set instruksi (instruction set), dan perangkat keras (hardware).</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Komponen – komponen dalam sistem komputer terbagi 3, yang
tidak bias</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">terpisahkan yaitu :</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hardware ( Perangkat Keras )</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level2 lfo7; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Processing Device</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level2 lfo7; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Input Device</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level2 lfo7; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Output Device</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level2 lfo7; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Storage Device</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Software ( Perangkat Lunak )</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level2 lfo7; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Operating System</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level2 lfo7; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Application Program</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level2 lfo7; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Language Program</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Brainware ( Orang Yang
MengoperasikanKomputer )</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Manfaat komputer dalam kehidupan sehari- hari sangat
banyak dan sangat membantu, mempermudah , mempecepat pekerjaan –pekerjaan
manusia.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Saran</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kita harus mempelajari perkembangan teknologi yang ada
seperti komputer agar kita bisa memanfaatkan teknologi tersebut dalam kehidupan
kita sehari-hari.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://nayla-almahyra.blogspot.com/</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo4; text-align: left; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://eniugblogs.blogspot.com/ </span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo4; text-align: left; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><a href="http://oniravindra.wordpress.com/"><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://oniravindra.wordpress.com/</span></a><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo4; text-align: left; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><a href="http://mukhliscaniago.files.wordpress.com/2010/07/makalah-komputaer.pdf"><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://mukhliscaniago.files.wordpress.com/2010/07/makalah-komputaer.pdf</span></a><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo4; text-align: left; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><a href="http://hart94isd.blogspot.com/2012/03/makalah-sistem-komputer.html"><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://hart94isd.blogspot.com/2012/03/makalah-sistem-komputer.html</span></a><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo4; text-align: left; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://ilmu27.blogspot.com/2012/08/makalah-sistem-komputer.html</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07603932376022842245noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7997065121951304751.post-87599276304238618882013-01-01T19:17:00.002-08:002013-01-01T19:17:32.132-08:00Latihan Soal UTS Konservasi Gigi 2012<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Latihan Soal UTS Konservasi Gigi</b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">2012</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
1. Menurut GV Black, klasifikasi karies yang mengenai bagian
aproksimal gigi anterior termasuk :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A. Klas I</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B. Klas II</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C. Klas III</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D. Klas IV</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E. Klas V</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
2. Unsur anorganik yang menyusun enamel dalah sebanyak :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A. 4 %</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B. 14 %</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C. 96 %</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D. 99 %</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E. 98 %</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
3. Lesi yang terjadi pada gigi yang telah direstorasi kemudian
mengalami karies kembali disebut dengan :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A. Karies primer</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B. Karies sekunder</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C. Karies tersier</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D. Karie dentin</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
4. Karies dapat dideteksi dengan cara antara lain :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A. Topografi gigi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B. Transluminasi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C. Sementum</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D. Karies dentin</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E. Sklerosis</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
5. Berdasarkan kedalamannya karies yang mengenai selapis tipis dentin
disebut dengan :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A. Karies superfisial</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B. Karies profunda</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C. Karies sekunder</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D. Karies profunda perforasi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E. Karies media</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
6. Menurut GV Black, klasifikasi karies yang mengenai bagian
aproksimal gigi anterior termasuk :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A. Klas I</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B. Klas II</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C. Klas III</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D. Klas IV</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E. Klas V</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
7. Sel-sel yang membentuk enamel disebut dengan :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A. Odontoblast</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B. Ameloblast</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C. Pigmen</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D. Bahan organic</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E. Cementoblast</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
8. Dentin yang terbentuk karena adanya rangsangan terhadap odontoblas
pada perawatan pulp capping adalah :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A. Primer dentin</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B. Sekunder dentin</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C. Tersier dentin</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D. Tubulus dentin</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E. Cementum</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
9. Cementodentin junction disebut juga dengan nama :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A. Sementum afibrilal</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B. Sementum serabut campuran</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C. Intermediate layer</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D. Butt junction</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
10. Ketebalan email pada gigi molar adalah :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A. 0,5 – 1 mm</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B. 2,5 – 3 mm</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C. 4 – 5 mm</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D. 3,5 – 4 mm</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E. 1,5 – 2 mm</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
11. Bakteri utama penyebab kerusakan jaringan keras gigi karena karies
adalah :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A. Streptococcus agalactiae</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B. Streptococcus bovis</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C. Streptococcus mutans</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D. Streptococcus mitis</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E. Streptococcus sanguinis</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
12. Unsur yang paling berpotensi menyebabkan karies :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A. Bacterial colony</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B. Bacterial plaque</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C. Biofilm</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D. Pellicle</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E. Saliva</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
13. Unsur yang mampu mengendalikan pH melalui proses remineralisasi
karies adalah :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A. Bacterial colony</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B. Bacterial plaque</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C. Biofilm</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D. Pellicle</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E. Saliva</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
14. White spots merupakan lesi karies yang reversible pada jaringan :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A. Cementum</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B. Dentin</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C. Enamel</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D. Pulpa</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E. Saluran akar</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
15. Berdasarkan kedalamannya, lesi karies yang meliputi enamel,
dentin, dan hampir mengenai pulpa disebut :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A. Karies akut</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B. Karies media</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C. Karies primer</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D. Karies profunda</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E. Karies terhenti</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
16. Berdasarkan kedalamannya, lesi karies yang hanya mengenai enamel
disebut :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A. Karies akut</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B. Karies media</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C. Karies primer</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D. Karies profunda</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E. Karies superfisialis</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
17. Klasifikasi karies dalam hubungannya dengan preparasi kavitas
ditemukan oleh :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A. L. Baum</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B. A.G. Bell</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C. G.V. Black</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D. L.G. Brown</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E. M. Buonocore</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
18. Klasifikasi karies yang melibatkan daerah pit dan fisura gigi :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A. Kelas I</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B. Kelas II</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C. Kelas III</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D. Kelas IV</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E. Kelas V</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
19. Abrasi dapat disebabkan oleh penyebab berikut ini, kecuali :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A. Bulu sikat gigi yang
kasar</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B. Konsumsi minuman dengan
pH rendah</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C. Penggunaan pasta gigi
dengan partikel keras</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D. Penggunaan tusuk gigi
yang berlebihan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E. Teknik menggosok gigi
yang salah</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
20. Restorasi yang paling sesuai untuk fraktur mahkota pada gigi
anterior dengan patahan hingga mencapai daerah servikal gigi adalah :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A. Restorasi amalgam</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B. Restorasi glass ionomer
cement</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C. Restorasi mahkota logam</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D. Restorasi mahkota
porselen</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E. Restorasi resin komposit</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
21. Restorasi untuk memperbaiki estetika pada kasus erosi yang luas
pada permukaan gigi anterior perlu dirawat dengan :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A. Restorasi amalgam</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B. Restorasi glass ionomer
cement</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C. Restorasi mahkota logam</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D. Restorasi mahkota
porselen</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E. Restorasi resin komposit</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
22. Pada preparasi kavitas kelas II amalgam perlu dibuat bevel :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A. Enamel cavo surface
margin</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B. Axial wall</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C. Gingival wall</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D. Axio pulpal line angle</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E. Pulpal wall</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
23. Memperoleh jalan masuk yang mudah pada preparasi kavitas guna
penempatan bahan tumpatan pada kavitas disebut :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A. Extention for prevention</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B. Retention form</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C. Toilet of cavity</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D. Convenience form</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E. Resistance form</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
24. Preparasi kavitas klas I pada gigi premolar satu bawah dinding
pulpanya :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A. Tegak lurus terhadap
ruang pulpa</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B. Sejajar terhadap ruang
pulpa</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C. Tegak lurus garis puncak
cusp bukal dan puncak cusp lingual</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D. Sejajar garis puncak cusp
bukal dan puncak cusp lingual</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E. Salah semua</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
25. Kerusakan jaringan keras gigi karena beban pada daerah oklusal
disebut :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A. Abfraksi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B. Abrasi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C. Atrisi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D. Erosi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E. Fraktura</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
26. Daerah yang mudah terserang karias adalah :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1. Fissura</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2. Email</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3. Interproksimal gigi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4. Sementum</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
27. Zona karies enamel terdiri dari :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1. Zona translusen</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2. Badan lesi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3. Zona gelap</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4. Odontoblas</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
28. Reaksi pertahanan kompleks dentin-pulpa yang penting adalah :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1. Sklerosis tubuler di
dalam dentin</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2. Dentin reaksioner antara
dentin dan pulpa</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3. Peradangan pulpa</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4. Destruksi matriks organic</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
29. Zona translusen yang menutupi badan lesi pada dentin dibagi
menjadi beberapa komponen antara lain :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1. Dead tract</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2. Penetrasi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3. Odontoblas</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4. Destruksi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
30. Proses destruktif pada lesi karies dentin antara lain meliputi :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1. Destruksi matriks organik</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2. White spot</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3. Demineralisasi dentin</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4. Sklerosis tubuler</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
31. Macam-macam pemeriksaan mikroskopik lesi dini karies enamel antara
lain :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1. Mikroskop electron
transmisi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2. SEM</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3. Mikroskop cahaya</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4. White spot</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
32. Fungsi sementum antara lain :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1. Melekatkan gigi pada
periodontal</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2. Tempat perlekatan
collagen fibers</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3. Pelindung dentin pada
akar gigi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4. Bukan salah satu diatas</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
33. Jaringan keras gigi terdiri dari :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1. Enamel </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2. Pulpa</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3. Cementum</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4. Kolagen</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
34. Odontoblas membentuk dentin dengan cara :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1. Sintesis dan sekresi
matriks anorganik</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2. Pengangkutan komponen
anorganik ke matriks yang baru terbentuk</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3. Menciptakan environment
yang memungkinkan mineralisasi matriks</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4. Sintesis dan sekresi
matriks organic</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
35. Karies disebabkan oleh banyak faktor yang secara garis besar
dibagi menjadi :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1. Host</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2. Mikroorganisme</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3. Substrat</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4. Waktu</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
36. Lesi karies berupa kavitas kelas II dapat ditemukan pada :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1. Karies yang melibatkan
daerah mesial gigi premolar rahang atas</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2. Karies yang melibatkan
daerah mesial gigi insisif rahang atas</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3. Karies yang melibatkan
daerah distal gigi molar rahang bawah</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4. Karies yang melibatkan
daerah servikal gigi caninus rahang bawah</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
37. Lesi karies berupa kavitas kelas V dapat ditemukan pada :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1. Karies yang melibatkan
derah pit dan fisura gigi molar rahang atas</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2. Karies yang melibatkan
daerah bukal pada servikal gigi molar rahang atas</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3. Karies yang melibatkan
daerah insisif rahang bawah</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4. Karies yang melibatkan
daerah labial pada servikal gigi caninus rahang bawah</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
38. Lesi karies yang dapat kembali normal melalui proses
remineralisasi CPP-ACP :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1. Black spots</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2. Brown spots</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3. Pink spots</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4. White spots</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
39. Macam fraktur jaringan keras gigi dilihat dari garis frakturnya :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1. Fraktur horizontal</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2. Fraktur oblique</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3. Fraktur vertikal</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4. Fraktur zenith</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
40. Atrisi gigi pada umumnya terjadi pada permukaan gigi sebelah :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1. Bukal</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2. Insisal</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3. Lingual</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4. Oklusal</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
41. Erosi pada umumnya dapat disebabkan oleh yang disebut dibawah ini,
kecuali :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1. Asam lambung yang keluar
saat muntah</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2. Konsumsi makanan ber pH
netral</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3. Konsumsi makanan ber pH
rendah</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4. Penggunaan sikat gigi
tipe keras</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
42. Hal-hal yang dapat dilakukan dalam mendiagnosis kerusakan jaringan
keras gigi :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1. Pemeriksaan klinis</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2. Pemeriksaan radiografis</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3. Pemeriksaan
transiluminasi cahaya</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4. Anamnesis</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
43. Trauma pada umumnya menyebabkan kerusakan jaringan keras gigi yang
disebut :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1. Abrasi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2. Atrisi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3. Erosi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4. Fraktur</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
44. Retensi pada preparasi kavitas klas II amalgam adalah :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1. Dove tail</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2. Isthmus</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3. Box</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4. Undercut</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
45. Perluasan preparasi untuk mencegah terjadinya sekunder karies
dilakukan pada daerah :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1. Pit yang dalam</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2. Karies dengan enamel yang
menggantung</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3. Fissura yang dalam</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4. Karies yang dalam</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
46. Untuk membuang seluruh jaringan karies yang terinfeksi pada
jaringan dentin yang lunak digunakan :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1. Fissure bur</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2. Eskavator</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3. Inverted bur</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4. Round bur</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
47. Dentin tersier dapat disebut juga sebagai dentin :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1. Reaktif</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2. Iritatif</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3. Ireguler</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4. Reparatif</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
48. Cell-poor zone adalah lapisan yang terletak dibawah lapisan
odontoblas yang mempunyai ciri sebagai berikut :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1. Memiliki lebar 40u</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2. Menghilang selama
pembentukan dentin reparatif</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3. Serat saraf tak bermielin</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4. Terdiri dari banyak sel</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
49. Warna enamel akan dipengaruhi oleh :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1. Perkembangan gigi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2. Stain ekstrinsik</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3. Antibiotik</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4. Fluor</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
50. Pembentukan enamel terbagi menjadi 2 tahapan besar yaitu :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1. Pembentukan matriks
organik</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2. Pembentukan matriks
anorganik</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3. Maturasi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4. Demineralisasi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
51. Sementum terbagi menjadi 3 tipe berdasarkan letak dan jenisnya
SEBAB Cellular cementum adalah bagian dari sementum yang menutupi seluruh
bagian apical dari gigi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
52. Karies primer tahap awal masih bisa dihentikan apabila terjadi
remineralisasi SEBAB Karies primer ditandai adanya demineralisasi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
53. Sukrosa dikenal mempunyai potensi kariogenik yang tinggi
dibandingkan fruktosa SEBAB Streptococcus mutans merupakan kuman yang
kariogenik</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
54. Penurunan dari pH terus menerus dapat menyebabkan demineralisasi
pada permukaan gigi SEBAB Bakteri plak dapat memfermentasikan karbohidrat
sehingga menyebabkan pH turun</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
55. Sklerosis tubuler dapat menyebabkan hilangnya hubungan antara
ujung luar dentin dengan pulpa SEBAB Sklerosis tubuler menutup tubulus dentin</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
56. Kekerasan enamel tertinggi pada permukaan dan semakin berkurang
pada dentino enamel junction SEBAB Dentino enamel junction adalah pertautan
antara enamel dan dentin</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
57. Enamel adalah bagian tubuh yang paling keras SEBAB Enamel tersusun
dari 96% unsur anorganik</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
58. Dentin peritubuler mengalami kalsifikasi yang paling baik dari
semua komponen dentin SEBAB Dentin peritubular mempunyai matrik organic dengan
serabut kolagen yang lebih sedikit daripada dentin intertubuler</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
59. Sementum adalah jaringan yang menyerupai tulang yang tipis dank
eras yang menutupi akar SEBAB Sementum bersifat lebih permeable daripada dentin</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
60. Odontoblas merupakan sel yang non spesifik dan dapat
diferensiasikan lagi SEBAB Odontoblas tidak begitu berperan dalam proses
pembentukan dentin</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07603932376022842245noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7997065121951304751.post-62161827232455336162013-01-01T19:17:00.000-08:002013-01-01T19:17:10.866-08:00Qualiti control<!--[if !mso]>
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<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><img alt="MICROPRACTICING" height="80" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\ivan\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="368" /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1. Pernyataan yang tepat terkait dengan Kualitas
(Quality) …</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A.
Quality pops bukan alasan yang paling penting untuk mencari kualitas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B.
Jaminan atas loyalitas pelanggan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C.
Riset mengatakan tidak ada hubungannya antara kualitas, pangsa pasar dan return
on investment</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D.
Bertambah kompetitifnya pasar global bukan merupakan alasan dibutuhkannya
kualitas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E.
Kompetisi global dan deregulasi pada sejumlah industry tidak mampu memaksa
suatu perusahaan harus menetapkan kualitas untuk bisa bertahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Faktor berikut dapat mempengaruhi customer
satisfaction …</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A.
Managing customer perceptions of service</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B.
Increasedd revenues</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C.
Consumer emotions</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D.
Effective assessment steps</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E.
Equity or fairness evaluation</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3. Outcomes dari customer satisfaction
adalah …</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A.
Increased customer retention</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B.
Positive word of mouth communications</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C.
Increased revenues</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D.
Product/service quality</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E.
Equity or fairness evaluations</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4. Increased revenues adalah …</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A.
Factors influencing customer satisfaction</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B. Service
encounters of the “moments of truth”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C. Service
quality improvement</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D. Outcomes
of customer satisfaction</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E. Product
service quality</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5. Service quality didefinisikan sebagai …</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A.
Effective assessment stepps</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B. What
and how a product or service is delivered</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C.
Product / Service quality</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D.
Attributions for product/service success or failure</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E.
Customer emotions</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6. Tujuan pemberian kuliah micropractizing adalah …</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A.
Melatih mahasiswa mengelola pasien maupun mengelola klinik melalui pembelajaran
teori melalui kelas besar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B.
Pembelajaran praktek kedokteran gigi yang terorganisasi yang tidak memerlukan
penggunaan ICT (Information and Communication Technology)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C.
Membantu mahasiswa improve dalam mengelola pasien maupun praktek baik dalam
menerapkan metode maupun ilmu pengetahuan, dan mengembangkan keterampilan
praktek secara efektif</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D.
Menghasilkan lulusan yang berkualitas tidak terkait dengan penyiapan
pembelajaran yang berkualitas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E.
Sarana pembelajaran yang tidak menjamin lulusan mampu menguasai bahan pelajaran
maupun mengimplementasikannya dengan baik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">7. Kompetensi dalam … perlu dipunyai seorang dokter
gigi dalam mengelola pasiennya untuk meliindungi pasien maupun dokter gigi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A.
Menguasai bahan ajar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B.
Mengelola interaksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C.
Menguasai dan menerapkan inform consent</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D.
Memahami dan menafsirkan hasil penelitian</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E.
Menguasai media pembelajaran</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8. Semua pengorbanan yang dikeluarkan untuk
menghasilkan suatu produk barang / jasa yang dapat diukur dengan uang adalah …</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A.
Biaya satuan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B.
Analisis biaya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C.
Biaya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D.
Klasifikasi biaya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E. Unit
cost</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">9.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Manfaat
unit cost adalah…</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A.
Untuk mengetahui satuan biaya riil pelayanan kesehatan di PPK</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B. Untuk
menetapkan tarif pelayanan di PPK</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C. Untuk
dasar perhitungan kapitasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D. Untuk
mengetahui kebutuhan subsidi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E. Untuk
perhitungan investasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">10. Di bawah ini bukan merupakan input yang langsung
digunakan atau dirasakan oleh pasien gigi dalam menghasilkan jasa :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A. Air</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B. Obat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C. Alat
pemeriksaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D.
Dental unit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E.
Konsultasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">11. Di bawah ini bukan merupakan biaya tetap :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A. Sewa
gedung</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B.
Listrik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C.
Meubel</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D.
Obat-obatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E.
Kursus pendidikan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">12. ………… Bukan termasuk biaya investasi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A.
Perijinan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B. Sewa
tempat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C.
Pendidikan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D.
Bahan habis pakai</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E.
Manajemen system informasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">13. Dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">motion
economy</i> gerakan jari yang digunakan pada waktu pengambilan cotton roll
dikategorikan dalam klas …</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A. Klas
I</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B. Klas
II</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C. Klas
III</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D. Klas
IV</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E. Klas
V</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">14. Zona operator pada right handed dentist adalah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A. Jam
7 - 12</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B. Jam
4 - 7</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C. Jam
2 - 4</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D. Jam
12 - 2</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E. Jam
6 - 12</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">15. The international statistical classification of
disease and related healt problem, yang seringkali disingkat ICD, memuat kode
kode untuk mengklasifikasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">A.
diseases</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">B.
signs and symptomps</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">C.abnormal
findings</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">D.
a dan b benar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">E.
a.b,c benar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">16.
Zona asisten pada right handed dentist adalah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A. Jam
7 - 12</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B. Jam
4 - 7</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C. Jam
2 - 4</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D. Jam
12 - 2</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E. Jam
6 - 12</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">17.
The united nations (PBB) menyerahkan tanggung jawab untuk pembangunan ICD
kepada world health organization pada tahun 1994, yang diikuti dengan publikasi
ICD edisi ke :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A.
Fourth edition (ICD-4)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B.
Fifth edition (ICD-5)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C.
Sixth edition (ICD-6)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D.
Seventh edition (ICD-7)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E.
Ninth edition (ICD-9)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">22.
Klasifikasi biaya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1. klasifikasi operasional</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2. klasifikasi investasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3. klasifikasi pembiayaaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4. klasifikasi pemeliharaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">23.
Di bawah ini termasuk biaya operasional, yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1. insentif pegawai</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2. rekam medis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3. alat tulis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4. komputer</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">25.
Faktor yang mempengaruhi perencanaan unit cost, yaitu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1. kemampuan masyarakat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2. keakuratan data</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3. supply and demand</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4. pendidikan dokter gigi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">27.
The international statistical classification of disease and related healt
problem, yang seringkali disingkat ICD, memuat kode kode untuk mengklasifikasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1. diseases</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2. signs</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3. symptomps</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4. external cause of injury or disease</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">28.
ICD 10 berisi..</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1. diagnosis kode – tabular list</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2. diagnosis kode – guidelines</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3. diagnosis kode – alphabetical index</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4. procedure codes</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">29.
prinsip 4 handed dentistry:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1.posisi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2.zona aktivitas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.motion ekonomis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4.transfer intrument</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">32.
Faktor- faktor yang mempengaruhi unit cost</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1. kemampuan masyarakat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2. keakuratan data</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3. supply and demand</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4. pendidikan dokter gigi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">37.
Zona paling sedikir aktivitasnya dan tidak terlihat oleh pasien:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1. static zone</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2. zona berisi instrument serta alat
yang menakutkan pasien</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3. zona menempatkan meja instrument
bergerak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4. mobile zone</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">43.
barang dan jasa merupakan suatu produk dari faktor produksi (input) SEBAB
barang dan jasa dapat dinilai atau diukur dengan uang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">45.
Penentuan biaya investasi harus mempehatikan inflasi dan umu ekonomis SEBAB
biaya investasi merupakan baya yang kegunaannya dalam jangka waktu lama</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">47.
transfer instrument adalah proses memindahkan alat dan bahan dari operator ke
perawat maupun perawat ke operator SEBAB srynge dilakukan di luar untuk
mengurangi kecemasan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">48.
transfer intrumen adalah proses memindah alat… SEBAB transfer instrument dalam
praktek kedokteran gigi…(sama kayak nomor 37 di buku soal ya hehehe)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07603932376022842245noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7997065121951304751.post-42097053582327298652013-01-01T19:16:00.002-08:002013-01-01T19:16:17.316-08:00farmakologi dan farmakoterapi<!--[if !mso]>
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<img alt="FARMAKOLOGI DAN FARMAKOTERAPI" height="270" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\ivan\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="550" /></div>
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1. Yang termasuk farmakodinamik adalah</div>
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a. efek samping obat</div>
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b. interaksi obat</div>
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c. mekanisme kerja obat</div>
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d.biotransformasi obat</div>
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e. sifat klinis obat</div>
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2. Cara pemberian obat yang member first pass effect
paling besar :</div>
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a. peroral</div>
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b.inhalasi</div>
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c. intramuscular</div>
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d.sublingual</div>
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e.intravena </div>
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3. obat disebut agonis bila</div>
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a.menyebabkan perubahan fungsi biologis melalui
reaksi kimia</div>
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b.mengatur molekul spesifik dimana obat itu
berinteraksi</div>
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c. berikatan dengan reseptor dan memberikan respon</div>
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d.mengadakan ikatan dengan reseptor, tidak
menimbulkan respon</div>
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e.mengadakan kontak langsung dengan parasit
penginduksi infeksi</div>
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4.obat yang dapat menghasilkan efek maksimal dan
efikasi yang tinggi</div>
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a. agonis</div>
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b.full agonis</div>
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c.partial agonis</div>
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d.agonis-antagonis</div>
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e. antagonis</div>
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5.Sinyal transduksiyang terjadi pada ikatan reseptor
adrenergic</div>
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a. voltage-gated ion channel</div>
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b. ligand-gated ion channel</div>
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c. G-protein- coupled receptor</div>
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d. Enzyme-linked receptor</div>
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e. Interceluler receptor</div>
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6. obat parasimpatetik yang dapat menjadi preanestesi
umum:</div>
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a.pilokarpin</div>
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b.prostigmin</div>
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c.neostigmin</div>
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d.atropin</div>
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e.-</div>
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7 obat parasimpatetik di bawah ini yang dapat
digunakan untuk</div>
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a.pilokarpin</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
b.atropin</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
c.-</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
d.fenoksibenzamin</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
e.isoprenalin</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
8. Organofosfat merupakan insektisida karena :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
a. menghambat kerja asetilkolin</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
b. menghambat kerja kolin transferase</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
c. menghambat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>kerja asetilkolinesterase</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
d. merangsang reseptor M3</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
e. Menghambat reseptor nikotinik</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
9.Ampetamin dapat bekerja dengan cara</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
a. meningkatkan reuptake adrenalin</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
b.menghambat reuptake adrenalin</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
c. mengosongkan noradrenalin dari tempat penyimpanan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
d.mengosongkan adrenalin dari tempat penyimpanan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
e.melepaskan adrenalin dari tempat penyimpanannya</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
10. Atropin dapat digunakan sebagai premedikasi
karena</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
a. dapat menimbulkan efek sedasi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
b. dapat menghambat sekresi kelenjar bronkus</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
c. dapat menurunkan peristaltic usus</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
d.dapat mendepresi SSP</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
e.dapat mengahambat reseptor nikotinik</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
11.asetilkolin dapat menurunkan tekanan darah karena</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
a.dapat menghambat pelepasan EDRF</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
b. dapat menghambat adenilsiklase</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
c. dapat menghambat guanilsiklase</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
d. dapat meningkatkan produksi cGMP</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
e. dapat meningkatkan produksi cAMP</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
12.Adrenalin dapat meningkatkan tekanan darah sistole
karena</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
a. merangsang reseptor alpha 1 pada pembuluh darah</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
b. dapat menyebabkan vasokonstriksi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
c bersifat inotropik positif dan kromotropik positif</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
d. merangsang reseptor beta 2 pada pembuluh darah</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
e. merangsang reseptor beta 2 pada jantung</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
13. Obat dibawah ini yang dapat meningkatkan
kontraksi otot jantung adalah </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
a.dobutamin</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
b.salbutamol</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
c.propanolol</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
d.atenolol</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
e. pentolamin</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
14. Obat otonomin di bawah ini yang dapat menghambat </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
15. Tujuan premedikasi ialah seperti, kecuali:</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>untuk
menenangkan penderita</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>untuk
menambah potensi anestesi umum</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>untuk
mengurangi rasa nyeri</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>untuk
mengurangi spasme</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>untuk
mengurangi refleks bardikardi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
16. Sifat” anestesi umum yang ideal kecuali</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
a. induksi lambat</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
b. pemulihan baik</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
c. batas keamanan jelas</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
d. cepat mencapai anestesi yang dalam</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 129.0pt; text-align: justify;">
e. tidak toksik<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 129.0pt; text-align: justify;">
17. Anestesi local dari golongan
amida di bwah ini yang paling banyak melepaskan bentuk non ionic sehingga
paling efektif untuk daerah beradang adalah</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 129.0pt; text-align: justify;">
a.etidokain</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 129.0pt; text-align: justify;">
b.Lidokain</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 129.0pt; text-align: justify;">
c.Mepivakain</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 129.0pt; text-align: justify;">
d.prilokain</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 129.0pt; text-align: justify;">
e.bupivakain</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 129.0pt; text-align: justify;">
18. Pada umumnya anestesi local
menyebabkan vasodilatasi, kecuali:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 129.0pt; text-align: justify;">
a.prilokain</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 129.0pt; text-align: justify;">
b.prokain</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 129.0pt; text-align: justify;">
c.lidokain</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 129.0pt; text-align: justify;">
d.kokain</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 129.0pt; text-align: justify;">
e.mepivakain</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
xx. Obat anestesi lokal
umumnya mengakibatkan vasodilatasi, kecuali</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>prilokain</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>prokain</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>kokain</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>mepivakain</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>lidokain</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
19. Cara yang tidak
mengalami first pass metabolism:</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1. peroral</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2.sublingual</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.submucosa</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4.intravena</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
20. Karakteristik
pemberian obat peroral</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1. efek cepat</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2. absorpsi tergantung keadaan lambung</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3. harus steril</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4. bioavaibilitas kecil</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
21. Biotransformasi
obat adalah untuk membuat mereka:</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1.kurang terionisasi</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2. lebih terikat pada protein plasma</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3. lebih larut pada lemak</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4. kurang larut dalam lemak</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
22. desensitisasi atau
“down regulation” suatu reseptor terjadi karena:</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
1. pemberian terus
menerus suatu agonis</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
2.pemberian terus
menerus suatu antagonis</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
3. Hambatan degradasi
atau “up-take” agonis</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
4. Hambatan sintesa
atau “release” neurotransmitter</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
23. Indeks terapi
adalah</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1. tingkat keamanan obat</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2. tingkat efektivitas obat</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3. LD50/ED50</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4. ED50/LD50</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
24. untuk mengobati asma pada penderita hipertensi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1.
salbutamol</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2.propanolol</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.
Terbutalin</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4.
efedrin</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
25. Obat di bawah ini yang dapat digunakan untuk melebarkan
lumen bronkus adalah</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1.ritodrin</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2.isoproterenol</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.efedrin</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4.propanolol</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
26. Obat beta blocker yang mempunyai efek sebagai
anestesi lokal</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1.acebutolol</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2.metoprolol</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.pirolol</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4.propanolol</div>
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27. Adrenalin dapat meningkatkan kadar gula darah
karena </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1.
merangsang reseptor alpha pada pancreas</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2.
merangsang reseptor beta<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada hati</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.
meningkatkan proses glikogenolisis</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4.
meningkatkab sekresi insulin</div>
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28. Miosis pada mata dipengaruhi oleh pemberian obat:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1
.prostigmin</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2.
neostigmin</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.
m</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4.
s…</div>
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30. Efek pemberian eter stadium 1</div>
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1. kesadaran<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.analgesia</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
2.cabut gigi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4.
midriasis</div>
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32.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dibawah
ini ciri stadium 3 plane 1 pemberian eter tanpa premedikasi</div>
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1. kesadaran<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2.miosis</div>
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3.takikardi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4.pernafasan
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33. DI bawah ini terjadi pada stadium 1 dan 2 pada
pemberian eter tanpa premedikasi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
1. kesadaran</div>
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2.miosis</div>
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3.eksitasi</div>
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4.tonus otot bergaris menurun</div>
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34. DI bawah ini terjadi pada stadium 4 pada
pemberian eter tanpa premedikasi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
1.midriasis</div>
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2.tekanan darah turun</div>
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3. takikardi</div>
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4. tonus otot bergaris menurun</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
35. Protamin sulfat dapat mencegah efek dari heparin
SEBAB protamin sulfat merupakan antagonis fisiologis dari heparin</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
36. first pass efek dapat mempengaruhi…..obat SEBAB
first pass efek mengurangi jumlah obat yang mencapai sirkulasi sistemik</div>
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37. Pada keracunan amfetamin ,…</div>
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38……</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
39 ikatan reseptor dengan antagonis tidak
menghasilkan respon SEBAB antagonis hanya aktivitas intrinsic tapi tidak
memiliki afinitas terhadap reseptor</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
40. Asetilkolin dapat menurunkan tekanan darah SEBAB asetilkolin
meningkatkan produksi cAMP</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
41. Noradrenalin dapat memperpanjang masa kerja
lidokain SEBAB noradrenalin dapat meningkatkan absorpsi lidokain</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
42. Fenileprin dapat meningkatkan denyut jantung
SEBAB Fenileprin merangsang reseptor beta 1 pada jantung</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
43. Adrenalin dapat menyebabkan insomnia SEBAB
adrenalin dapat merangsang SSP</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
44. Propanolol dapat meneyababkan bronkodilatasi
SEBAB propanolo dapat menghambat reseptor beta 2 pada bronkus</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
45. Betanekol dapat melebarkan pupil mata SEBAB
karbakol dapat merangsang reseptor muskarinik 3 pada otot konstriktor pupil</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
46. Dobutamin dapat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>meningkatkan kontraksi jantung SEBAB dobutamin dapat meningkatkan
produksi cAMP</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
47.Pyridostigmine dapat digunakan untuk pengobatan
Myasthenia gravis SEBAB pyridostigmine dapat menghambat kholin asetil
transferase</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
48. 18. Anestesi yang larut dalam
darah induksi dan pemulihan lambat SEBAB anestesi yang larut dalam darah
memilki koefisien darah:gas kecil</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
49. Halotan merupakan anestesi poten SEBAB memiliki
nilai MAC yang besar</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
50. mepivakain mempunyai mula kerja sedang SEBAB
mepivakain punya banyak basa bebas non ion</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07603932376022842245noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7997065121951304751.post-76672385060196634362013-01-01T19:15:00.001-08:002013-01-01T19:15:17.594-08:00anastesi<!--[if !mso]>
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a.posisi shock</div>
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e.</div>
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b. memberi bau-bauan yg merangsang agar segera
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c. diberi the manis karena kemungkinan penyebab
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d. usaha membuat jalan nafas agar tidak tersumbat dan
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44. Tindakan Heinlich adalah tindakan untuk
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a. chin lift</div>
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e. tidak adanya tanda tandanya penderita bernafas
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e. mendatangi petugas polisi untuk melapor</div>
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49. Pertolongan pertama pada korban tenggelam yang
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b. segera bersihkan jalan nafasnya</div>
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c. balik korban dgn kepaladi bawah</div>
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d.bersihkan paru sampai air di dalamnya bersih</div>
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e. diperlukan tempat khusus untuk pertolongan pertama</div>
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<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07603932376022842245noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7997065121951304751.post-82988096871177247342013-01-01T19:14:00.002-08:002013-01-01T19:14:59.601-08:00Latihan Soal UTS Parasitologi<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Latihan Soal UTS Parasitologi</b></div>
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1. Gejala klinis utama enterobiasis adalah</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A. Pruritas daerah perianal</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B. –</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C. Appendixitis</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D. Diare</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E. Nyeri epigastrium</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
2. Yang bukan merupakan ciri-ciri telur ascaris lumbricoides adalah …</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A. Telur matang berisi
larva</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B. Mempunyai 3 lapisan
dinding</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C. Berwarna kuning
kecoklatan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D. Bentuk telur asimetris</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E. Mempunyai lapisan
albuminoid</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
3. Cara penularan cacing tambang adalah melalui …</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A. Per oral</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B. Per inhalasi</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C. Gigitan serangga</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D. Penembusan larva melalui
kulit</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E. Makanan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
4. Yang bukan merupakan ciri-ciri dari taenia solium adalah …</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A. Tubuh berbentuk gilik</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B. Panjang gilik 2-7 meter</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C. Scolex mempunyai 4
sucker</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D. Mempunyai rostellum</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E. Memakan daging mentah</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
5. Enterobiasis pada anak-anak umumnya terjadi melalui …</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A. Inhalasi telur</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B. Larva penetrasi kulit</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C. Kontaminasi makanan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D. Kontaminasi minuman</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E. Telur tertelan secara
hand to mouth</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
6. Pada siklus hidup wuchereria bancrofti, dalam tubuh manusia
ditemukan parasite stadium …</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A. Larva stadium 1 dan 2</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B. Mikrofilaria dan caciing
dewasa jantan dan betina</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C. Larva stadium 3</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D. Cacing dewasa jantan dan
betina</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E. Mikrofilaria</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
7. Habitat utama trichuris trichiura di :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A. Duodenum</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B. Jejunum</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C. Ileum</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D. Caecum</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E. Rectum</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
8. Brugia timori yang terdapat di P. Timor ditularkan oleh nyamuk …</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A. Anopheles sundaicus<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B. Anopheles barbiotrosis</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C. -</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D. Mansonia uniformis</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E. Aedes sp.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
9. Pada feces penderita penyakit cacing ini ditemukan telur pada tinja
yang terdiri dari selapis hyaline yang transparan :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A. Ascariasis</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B. Trichuriasis</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C. Infeksi cacing tambang</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D. Enterobius</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E. Strongyloidiasis</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
10. Obat pilihan untuk trichuriasis adalah …</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A. Mebendazole</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B. Pyrantel pamoate</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C. Thiobendazole</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D. Dichlorvos</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E. Plexylresoksinol</div>
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11. –</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
12. Cysticercosis adalah infeksi
yang disebabkan oleh ..</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
A. Telur</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B. Cacing dewasa</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C. Mikrofilaria</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D. Kista</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E. Larva</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
13. –</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
14. –</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
15. –</div>
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16. <span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Tes
provokasi agar microfilaria terlihat pada darah tepi menggunakan</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">a. albendazole</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">b. ivermektin</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">c. dietylcarbamazine</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">d. prazikuantel</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">e. klorokuin</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
17. –</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
18. Diagnosis pasti entero biasis</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A. Proglotid</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B. Mikrofilaria</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C. Telur di perianal</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D. Larva di tinja</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E. Telur di otot</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
19. Mengenai taenia saginata, tidak benar :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A. Panjang tubuh 5-24 m</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B. Sapi sebagai
intermediate host</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C. Cabang lateral usus
15-30</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D. Ujung scolex 2 hooklets</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E. Telur tidak infektif
untuk manusia</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
20. Drug of choice dari filariasis adalah …</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A. Albendazole</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B. Ivermectine</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C. Mebendazole</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D. Prazikuantel</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E. DEC</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
21. –</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
22. –</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
23. Yang benar dari ascaris lumbricoides :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1. Merupakan nematode
terbesar</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2. Termasuk transmitted
soil helminthes</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3. Penyakitnya disebut
ascariasis</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4. Berada dalam darah</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
24. –</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
25. Yang benar tentang necator americanus :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1. Arah kepala berlawanan
dengan lengkung tubuh</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2. Terdapat 2 buah gigi
yang hampir sama besar</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3. Bursa copulatrix
memanjang, bercabang 2</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4. Bentuk tubuh seperti
huruf C</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
26. Di bawah ini yang menunjukkan derajat infeksi untuk parasite
adalah :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1. Kondisi …</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2. Status gizi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3. Nutrisi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4. Jenis kelamin</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
27. Nama lain dari enterobius vermicularis …</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1. Pin worm</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2. Oxyuris</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3. Cacing kremi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4. Hookworm</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
28. Mikrofilaria wuchereria bancrofti terdapat pada :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1. Darah</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2. Cairan limfe</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3. Urin</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4. Tinja</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
29. P<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">engobatan masal dari infeksi hookworm harus dipertimbangkan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1. harga murah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2. obat harus mudah didapat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3. efek samping obat rendah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4. pemberian obat harus efektif</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
30. –</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
31. –</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
32. Limphatic filariasis selain dapat menyebabkan masalah kesehatan
juga menyebabkan masalah :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1. Problem sosial</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2. Problem psikologi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3. Problem ekonomi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
33. –</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
34. Tentang brugia timori …</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1. Panjang cephalic space
3x</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2. Ditemukan di flores</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3. Punya 2 tambahan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4. Ditularkan lewat telur</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
35. –</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
36. –</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
37. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi prevalensi penyakit parasite
adalah …</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1. Kebersihan yang kurang</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2. Nutrisi yuang buruk</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3. Pendidikan kesehatan
yang kurang</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4. Lingkungan perumahan
yang kotor</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
38. Gejala klinis pada cerebrocysticercosis :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1. Hidrocephalus</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2. Epilepsi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3. Hemiplegi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4. Diare</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4. Kemampuan kerja yang
menurun</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
39. Diagnosa taeniasis ditegakkan dengan ditemukan dalam intinya …</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
1. Telur</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2. Larva</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3. Proglotid</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4. Cecaria</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
40. Proglottid gravid taenia saginata mempunyai cabang lateral uterus
…</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1. Kurang dari 6</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2. Lebih dari 15</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3. Lebih dari 30</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4. Kurang dari 30</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
xx. Diagnnosa pasti enterobiasis dengan cara menemukan …</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A. Proglotid gravid di
dalam tinja</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B. Mikrofilaria di dalam
darah</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C. Larva pada otot</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D. Telur pada daerah
perianal</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E. Larva pada tinja</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07603932376022842245noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7997065121951304751.post-13466627962992090912013-01-01T19:13:00.005-08:002013-01-01T19:13:59.167-08:00Latihan Soal UTS Patologi Klinik 2012<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1. Pemberian hormone eritropoetin dapat meningkatkan
proliferasi sel induk :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">a.
Granulosit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">b.
Megakariosit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">c. ---</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">d. Eritrosit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">e. Limfosit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">5. Leukimia akut yang
lebih sering dijumpai pada anak :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">a. Leukimia myeloid
akut</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">b. Leukimia
limpoblast akut</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">c. Leukimia monositik
akut</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">d. ---</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">e. ---</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">6. Pernyataan dibawah
ini benar mengenai hemolysis, kecuali :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">a. Pada neonates
sumsum tulang dijumpai di tulang pipih</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">b. Stroma berfungsi
sintesis hemotopoetik GF</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">c. 50% sumsum tulang
dewasa terisi lemak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">d. Stroma berperan
menyeleksi keluarnya sel dari sumsum tulang ke sirkulasi darah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">e. Stroma
extraseluler makromolekul mengandung fibronectin & thrompospodin</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">7. Keganasan
hematologi dibawah ini merupakan bagian dari gangguan mieloproliferatif :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">a. AML-M5</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">b. AML-M3</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">c. Hairy cell
leukemia</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">d. Multiple myeloma</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">e. Polisitemia vera</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">13. Yang benar
tentang fibrinolysis :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">14. Bukan koagulasi
plasma :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">a. Fibrinogen<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>d. Trombosit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">b. Protrombin<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>e. Faktor V</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">c. Kalsium</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">16. Glanzmon’s
thrombasthenia adalah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">a. Defisiensi
reseptor trombosit Gp 1b-1X</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">b. Defisiensi
reseptor trombosit Gp IIb-IIIa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">c. Defisiensi faktor
VIII</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">d. Defisiensi faktor
X</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">e. Defisiensi vWF</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">17. Kadar enzim ini
turun pada nekrosis hati :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">a. Alkali phosphatase</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">b. Alanin amino transferase</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">c. Alkalin amino
transferase</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">d. Gamma globulin </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">e. Cholinesterase</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">18. Berikut ini benar
mengenai Vonwilbrand factor, kecuali :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">19. Proses hemostasis
benar, kecuali :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">a. Proses fisiologis
untuk menghentikan pendarahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">b. Dimulai dengan
proses vasokonstriksi pembuluh darah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">c. Sumbat trombosit
kuat dan stabil</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">d. --- </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">e. Sumbat trombosit
dihancurkan setelah tidak terpakai melalui fibrinolisis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">20. Faktor koagulan
yang disintesis di hati & butuh vitamin K adalah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">a. ---</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">b. ---</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">c. intrinsic factor</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">d. extrinsic factor</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">21. Fungsi sintesis
hati dapat dilihat dari penurunan kadar sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">a. Alkalin
phosphatase<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>d.
Albumin</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">b. AST<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>e.
Gamma globulin</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">c. ALT</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">23. Bilirubin tidak
terkonjugasi meningkat pada :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">a. ---<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>c. ---<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>e.
---</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">b. ---<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>d. ---</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">25. Plasma darah
terdiri dari :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">a. 90% protein</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">b. 90% air (*)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">c. 90% vitamin</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">d. 10% karbohidrat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">26. Komposisi sel
darah terdiri dari :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">b. 45% komponen
berbentuk (eritrosit, leukosit, trombosit), 55% plasma</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">28. Berikut bukan
karakterisitik trombosit :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">a. Berasal dari
pemecahan plasma dari megakariosit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">b. <span style="color: black;">⅔ berada di peredaran darah, ⅓ berada dalam limpa (spleen)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">c.
Survival rate : 8-12 hari</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">d. Jumlah
normal : 150.000 – 400.000 / μl</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">e.
Termasuk golongan PMN karena berinti banyak (*)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">29. Jika memerlukan
darah kurang dari 0,5 ml sebaiknya diambil dari :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">a. Pembuluh darah
kapiler</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">b. Pembuluh darah
arteri</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">c. Pembuluh darah
vena</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">d. Pembuluh darah h</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">e. Pembuluh darah
pulmonalis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">30. Berikut merupakan
ciri eosinophil : (C)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">a. Ukuran lebih kecil
dari eritrosit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">b. Tidak ditemukan di
peredaran darah tepi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">c. Berkaitan dengan
reaksi alergi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">d. Merupakan netrofil
segmen</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">e. Bagian dari PMN</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">32. Pada leukemia
akut sering terjadi pendarahan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">SEBAB </b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada leukemia akut fungsi trombosit rendah
disamping fungsi trombosit juga terganggu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">34. Pada anemia
megaloblastik hanya dijumpai kelainan morfologi pada deret sel eritrosit <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">SEBAB </b>kelainan utama pada anemia
megaloblastik terletak pada gangguan sintesis DNA (E)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">36. Jika pembuluh
darah rupture maka kontraksi dinding pembuluh darah mengawali mekanisme
hemostasis <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">SEBAB </b>tromboksan yang
dilepaskan trombosit turut memperkuat tonus pembuluh darah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">37. Kadar enzim
alkali phosphatase yang dalam darah tidak selalu menunjukkan adanya kelainan
penyakit hati <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">SEBAB </b>anak-anak,
alkali phosphatase adalah lebih tinggi dari pada dewasa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">38. Terdapatnya
Urobilinogen dalam urin selalu merupakan tanda kelainan penyakit hati <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">SEBAB </b>urobilinogen merupakan proses
yang normal dari ginjal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">39. Pada pemeriksaan
Eritrosit Sedimen Rate (ESR), tidak perlu ditambahkan antikoagulan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">SEBAB</b> pada pemeriksaan ESR yang diukur
yaitu tinggi kolom plasma (D)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">40. Pemeriksaan LED
untuk memantau penyakit TBC <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">SEBAB </b>jika
LED semakin tinggi, maka TBC semakin baik perkembangannya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">42. Gagal ginjal
menyebabkan gangguan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1. Trombosiposis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2. Limfopoisis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3. Granulopiosis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4. Eritropoisis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">43. Penyebab leukemia
:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1. Radiasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2. Benzen</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3. Perubahan kromosom</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4. Jamur</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">48. Gambaran berikut
menunjukkan degenerasi toksik pada netrofil akibat infeksi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1. Granula toksik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2. Cabot’s Ring</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3. Vakuola Sitoplasma
Netrofil</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4. Auer Rod pada
sitoplasma</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">49. Yang termasuk
komponen hemostasis :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1. Pembuluh darah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2. Fibrinogen</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3. Faktor koagulasi
darah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4. Faktor
fibrinolisis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">52. APTT memanjang,
PTT memanjang, kekurangan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1. Faktor</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2. Faktor </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3. Faktor Intrinsik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4. Faktor Ekstrinsik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">55. Pemeriksaan Titer
AFP Serial untuk : (B)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1. Meramalkan
timbulnya hematoma pada hematitis C</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2. Meramalkan
timbulnya hematoma pada hepatitis A</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3. Prognosis
pengobatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4. Menggambarkan
penurunan albumin dan globulin</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">59. Yang termasuk
granulosit : (A)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1. Netrofil<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>4. Limfosit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2. Basofil<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3. Eusinofil</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">60. Sel darah yang
jarang ditemukan di peredaran darah tepi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1. Eritrosit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2. Trombosit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3. Neutrofil segmen</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4. Retikulosit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">* Kemampuan multipoten stem sel :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1.
Proliferasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2.
Diferensiasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3.
Maturasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4.
Perbanyak diri</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">*
Hematopoietik bisa habis <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">SEBAB </b>sifatnya
maturasi, proliferasi, diferensiasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">*
Pernyataan dibawah ini tidak benar untuk anemia pernisiosa :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">a.
Defisiensi vit. B12</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">b.
Tergangunya produksi / fungsi / sekseri dari intrinsic factor sel parental
lambung</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">c.
Perubahan megaloblastik pada sel-sel darah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">d.
Gangguan sekresi eritropoietin</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">e. Ada
kaitannya dengan keadaan achlorhydria</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">*
Berikut ini sel yang dirangsang dari hormone eritropoietin : (C)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">a.
Limfosit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">b.
Neutrofil</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">c.
Eritrosit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">d.
Basofil</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">e.
Eusinofil</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07603932376022842245noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7997065121951304751.post-15173669127264651002013-01-01T19:13:00.002-08:002013-01-01T19:13:17.704-08:00Latihan Soal UTS Radiologi 1 2012<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
1. –</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
2. Tujuan kontrol infeksi …</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A.
Melindungi alat radiografi dengan plastik</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B.
Sterilisasi bekas film holder</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C.
Mencegah cross infection</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D.
Memakai masker dan handscone selama proses pemajanan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E.
Memakai handscone saat pemrosesan film</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
3. Sodium sulfit pada larutan fixer berfungsi
sebagai …</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A.
Bahan pengaktif</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B.
Penetralisisr bahan alkalis</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C.
Pencegah pengendapan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D.
Penguat emulsi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E.
Pembersih sisa Kristal silver halide</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
4. –</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
5. Pencegahan infeksi pada saat pemajanan
film dapat dilakukan dengan cara …</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A.
Meletakkan film pada tempat disposable</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B.
Memakai handscone</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C.
Melepas barrier alat lalu dibuang ke sampah khusus</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D.
Mencuci tangan lalu memakai masker dan handscone</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E.
Membuang barrier film pada sampah khusus</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
6. –</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
7. Pengertian densitas …</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A.
Kemampuan film menghasilkan garis-garis yang tajam</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B.
Tingkat kehitaman yang timbul setelah pemrosesan film</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C.
Perbedaan warna hitam pada film</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D.-</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E.-</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
8. Unsur di alam yang tidak stabil menjadi
stabil. Proses ini disebut …</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A.
Radiasi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B.
Radionuklir</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C.
Radioaktivitas</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D.
Radioaktif</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E.
Radikal bebas</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
9. –</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
10. –</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
11. –</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
12. Efek fotolistrik sangat berpengaruh pada
pemilihan bahan di bawah ini …</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A.-</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B.-</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C.
Penahan radiasi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D.-</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E.-</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
13. Bitewing digunakan sebagai foto …</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A.-</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B.-</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C.-</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D.-</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E.-</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify;">
14. Efek
stomatitik stokastik akibat radiasi pada kulit yaitu …</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A. Eritema</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B. Kanker kulit</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C. Nekrosis kulit</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D. Radiodermatitis sika</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E. Radiodermatitis eksudatif</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
15. Satuan radiasi yang dipancarkan dapat
dinyatakan dalam satuan …</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A.
RAD</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B.
RBE</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C.-</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D.-</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E.
Roentgen</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
16. Radiasi pengion yang digunakan di bidang
kedokteran gigi merupakan enerji yang berbentuk …</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A.
Gelombang listrik</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B.
Gelombang elektromagnetik</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C.
Zat radioaktif</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D.
Partikel</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E.
Fotolistrik</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
17. Tahap interaksi radiasi berupa reaksi antara radikal bebas dengan
peroksida dan molekul organic sel adalah …</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A. Tahap fisik</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B. Tahap fisiko kimia</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C. Tahap kimia &
biologi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D. Tahap biologi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E. Tahap fisika &
biologi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
18. Untuk memeriksa radiografi molar 3 rahang bawah kanan impaksi kea
rah bukal lingual dapat digunakan foto …</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A.-</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B. Peri apikal</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C. Lateral Standart Mandibular Occlusal</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D. Lateral Enchepalometric Official Bone</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E. Water’s Projection</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
19. –</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
20. Foto untuk kerusakan tulang alveolar pada
region posterior rahang atas dan rahang bawah menggunakan …</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A.Periapikal</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B.
Bitewing</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C.Panoramik</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D.Water’s
projection</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E.Eisier</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
21. Lead foil yang terdapat pada film intra
oral berfungsi untuk :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1.
Mencegah radiasi sekunder selama pemajanan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2.
Mencegah film tembus cahaya</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.
Mengurangi radiasi pada jaringan di belakang film</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4.
Mencegah masuknya saliva</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
22. Fungsi sodium sulfite pada developer
adalah :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1.
Sebagai larutan penyangga<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3. –</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2.
Sebagai bahan emulsi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4.
Sebagai pencegah oksidasi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
23. Bahan pencegah oksidasi pada larutan
developer …</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1.
Sodium bicarbonate<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.
Sodium carbonat</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2.
Sodium thiosulfate<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4.
Sodium sulfur</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
24. Unsur radioaktif pada anoda dalam tube
head …</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1.
Uranium<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.
Iodium</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2.
Barium<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4.
Tungster Carbide</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
25. Matter sebagai penyerap partikel pengion
pada radiasi primer dapat berupa :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1.
Film x-ray<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.
Perisai pb</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2.
Jaringan / organ hidup<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4.
Detector radiasi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
26. Zat yang terdapat pada developer yang
mempercepat terjadinya bayangan adalah …</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A.
Hidroquinone</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B.
Para-hidroxy benzene</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C.
Sodium sulfit</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D.
Monomethyl para-aminophenol sulfat</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E.-</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
27. Kekontrasan suatu radiografik sangat
dipengaruhi :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1.
Karakteristik film</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2.
Banyaknya emulsi AgBr yang ada pada film</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.
–</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4.
Tingkat densitas yang dihasilkan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
28. Pemakaian handscone merupakan salah satu
metode kontrol infeksi yang digunakan pada saat :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1.
Sebelum pemajanan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3. Saat
processing</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2.
Setelah prosesing<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4.
Pencegahan infeksi instrumen</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
29. Prosedur total operator merupakan salah
satu prosedur kontrol infeksi yang dilakukan dengan cara …</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1.
Memakai handscone & masker</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2.
Melapisi tube head, cone, dan panel kontrol dengan barrier</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.
Membuang limbah film pada sampah khusus</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4.
Melakukan desinfeksi pada permukaan dental chair, apron yang terkontaminasi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
30. Ciri khas dari efek stokastik adalah :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1.
Tidak mengenal dosis ambang</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2.
Timbulnya setelah rentang waktu yang lama</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.
Keparahannya tidak bergantung dosis radiasi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4.
Tidak ada penyembuhan spontan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
31. Pengukuran untuk membuat foto oklusal
anterior rahang atas adalah :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1.
Oklusal sejajar lantai</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2.
Film dipasang memanjang sampai ramus mandibular</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.
Posisi tube pertengahan batang hidung</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4.
Sudut antara sumbu sinar dan film 45°</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
32. Sinar infra merah merupakan radiasi non
ionic yang banyak digunakan di bidang kedokteran untuk terapi :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1.
Pasca Operasi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.
Cacar air</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2.
Radang sendi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4.
Stomatitis kronis</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
33. Proses radiasi sinar x yang melewati
suatu matter berupa jaringan hidup disebut :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1.
Radiasi pengion<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.
Radiasi ionisasi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2.
Radiasi korpuskuler<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4.
Radiasi nuklida</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
34. Pajanan dosis rendah dapat mengakibatkan
efek …</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1.
Somatik<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.
Genetik</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2.
Stokastik<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4.
Deterministik</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
35. Prosesing film temperature dan waktu
sangat bergantung pada …</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1.
Suhu larutan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.
Pajanan sinar x</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2.
Ketelitian pengamat<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4.
Ruang prosesing</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
36. Interaksi radiasi dengan sel jaringan
tubuh akan mengakibatkan terjadinya …</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1.
Ionisasi pada makromolekul<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.
Eksitasi pada makromolekul</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2.
Reabsorbsi pada makromolekul<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4.
Terputusnya ikatan H & OH</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
37. Efek langsung radiasi pada molekul target
dapat merusak :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1.
Protein<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.
Lemak</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2.
DNA<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4.
Sel</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
38. –</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">39.
proteksi radiasi saat pemajaran film diperlukan agar tidak terjadi penyebaran</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">1. radiographer ke penderita</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">2. penderita ke penderita</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">3. penderita ke radiographer</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">4. radiographer ke radiographer</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
40. Teknik pengambilan foto periapikal dengan
cara parallel :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1.
Sumbu sinar x tegak lurus dengan sumbu film</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2.
Sumbu film sejajar dengan sumbu gigi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.
Sumbu sinar x tegak lurus sumbu gigi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4.
Film menempel dengan bagian incisal/oklusal gigi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
41. Ketika exposure switch dihidupkan sinar x
diproduksi SEBAB Saat exposure switch dinyalakan terjadi lompatan electron
katoda menjadi anoda dan dihentikan di anoda</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
42. Pekerja radiasi harus memakai alat
pencatat radiasi yang disebut dosimeter SEBAB Dosimeter memiliki sensitivitas
yang tinggi terhadap paparan radiasi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
43. Untuk meningkatkan gambaran radiografi
yang baik dari sebuah film yang overexposed, dilakukan prosesing
underdeveloping SEBAB Prosesing underdeveloping dapat mengurangi densitas,
dimana dapat meningkatkan kualitas radiograf film yang overexposed</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
44. Pembuatan radiografik intra oral dapat
menyebabkan infeksi silang SEBAB Radiografer dapat memindahkan mikroorganisme
dari pasien ke alat</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
45. –</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
46. –</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
47. –</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
48. Proses kontrol infeksi bertujuan untuk
mencegah penyebaran penyakit SEBAB Penyebaran penyakit di radiologi kedokteran
gigi antara radiografer ke radiografer dan radiografer ke lingkungannya</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 202.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
49. Salah satu proses pengendalian infeksi
adalah proteksi pasien SEBAB Pasien dapat menyebabkan penyebaran infeksi
melalui peralatan radiografi</div>
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50. Pada pembuatan foto sinar x periapikal
dengan teknik bisecting menggunakan alat bantu film holder SEBAB Pada teknik
bisecting angle arah sinar x tegak luru terhadap garis bagi sudut antara foto
dan sumbu gigi</div>
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xx. Pemberian proteksi disposable pada
sandaran kepala dan tombol pemajanan merupakan proteksi radiasi terhadap …</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A.
Sterilisasi instrument</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B.
Proteksi personel</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C.
Penataan ruangan</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D.
Ruang gelap</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E.
Total</div>
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xx. Organ tubuh vital seperti gonad, organ
pembuat darah, lensa mata sangat sensitive terhadap radiasi SEBAB Organ tubuh
vital mempunyai perbedaan resistensi terhadap radiasi</div>
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<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07603932376022842245noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7997065121951304751.post-65067996862527747612013-01-01T19:12:00.002-08:002013-01-01T19:12:45.470-08:00SOAL-SOAL TEKNIK RADIOGRAFI<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PILIHLAH SALAH SATU JAWABAN YANG
BENAR DENGAN MENGHITAMKAN ATAU BLOK HURUF A, B, C, D DAN E.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. Untuk mengukur rasio adenoid
secara tepat dibuat pemotretan di daerah faring dengan proyeksi: <br />
a. Ap dan lateral dengan nilai eksposi normal <br />
b. Cukup AP dengan teknik soft tissue <br />
c. Cukup lateral dengan teknik soft tissue <br />
d. Cukup AP dengan nilai eksposi normal <br />
e. AP dan oblik dengan teknik soft tissue </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. Berikut ini kurang tepat dalam
pemeriksaan laringografi: <br />
a. Valsava manuever akan memperlihatkan terbukanya glotis <br />
b. Insiprasi secara perlahan-lahan selama eksposi menyebabkan pita suara
abduksi <br />
c. Pemeriksaan laring dapat dibuat dengan media kontras positip <br />
d. Pemeriksaan laring dapat dilakukan dengan media kontras negatif <br />
e. Phonasi selama eksposi menyebabkan pita suara adduksi </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. Pada hasil foto thoraks, bila
pasien mengalami rotasi dapat terlihat pada gambaran: <br />
a. kurvatura tulang thorakalnya <br />
b. gambaran kedua skapula di kedua lapangan paru <br />
c. sendi sternokiavikular asimetris <br />
d. letak ketinggian klavikulanya <br />
e. gambaran lapangan paru setinggi thorakal X </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4. Pada pemotretan thorak PA dewasa
bila pasien benar-benar inspirasi penuh ditandai dengan gambaran: <br />
a. Lapangan pam berada setinggi iga 9-10 depan dan iga 7-8 belakang <br />
b. Lapangan paru setinggi iga depan 9-10 dan iga belakang 9-10 <br />
c. Lapangan paru setingi iga depan 7-8 dan iga belakang 7-8 <br />
d. Lapangan paru berada setinggi iga 7-8 depan dan iga 9-10 belakang <br />
e. Lapangan paru berada setinggi thorakal 12 </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5. Radiograf thoraks yang dilakukan
eksposi setelah ekspirasi berguna untuk menunjukkan: <br />
a. Empyema <br />
b. Efusi pleura <br />
c. Pneumo thoraks <br />
d. Tumor pada paru <br />
e. TBC <br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6. Pada pemotretan thoraks bayi sebaiknya diatur nilai eksposi
dengan: <br />
a. KV rendah, waktu singkat <br />
b. KV rendah, waktu lama <br />
c. KV tinggi , waktu lama <br />
d. MA tinggi, Waktu singkat <br />
e. MA rendah , waktu singkat <br />
7. Yang dimaksud dengan Pemotretan abdomen LLD adalah:<br />
a. Pasien tidur miring sisi kiri tubuh menempel kaset sentasi vertikal tegal
lurus film<br />
b. Pasien supine kaset vertikal disisi kiri pasien sentrasi horisontal tegak
lurus film<br />
c. \Pasien tidur miring sisi kiri pasien menempel meja, film diletakkan vetikal
menempel pungung sentrasi horisontal tegak lurus film<br />
d. Pasien tidur miring sisi kanan pasien menempel film sentrasi vertikal tegak
lurus film<br />
e. Pasien tidur miring sisi kanan pasien menempel meja, film vertikal menempel
punggung sentrasi horisontal tegak lurus film<br />
<br />
8. Pada kasus atresia ani pada bayi baru lahir jika dilakukan pemeriksaan
radiologi menurut saudara proyeksi yang tepat adalah:<br />
a. dibuat abdomen tiga posisi<br />
b. AP dan Lateral pasien supine<br />
c. AP supine dan LLD<br />
d. Dibalik kepala di bawah, AP dan lateral “knee chest”<br />
e. Cukup LLD<br />
</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9. Sudut antara dua garis bantu kepala di bawah ini sebesar
70:<br />
a. antara OML dan glabelomeatal line<br />
b. antara OML dan AML<br />
c. antara IOML dan AML<br />
d. antara IOML dan OML<br />
e. antara IOML dan interpupilary line<br />
<br />
10. Pada proyeksi parieto akantial metode Water’s kepala ekstensi 37 derajat
dengan tujuan:<br />
a. agar sinus maksilaris tampak benar-benar bulat<br />
b. agar nampak batas udara dan cairan<br />
c. agar tulang petrosum tidak superposisi dengan sinus maksilaris<br />
d. agar memudahkan dan mengenakkan pasien<br />
e. agar dalam positioning tidak mengalami kesulitan<br />
<br />
11. Yang dimaksud dengan “double tube angulation” pada metode Law adalah:<br />
a. Tabung mengarah 15 deraj at kaudad dan 15 deraj at ke anterior<br />
b. Dan posisi lateral di rotasi 15 derajat dan sinar 15 derajat sepalad<br />
c. Tabung mengarah 15 derajat sepalad dan 15 derajat ke anterior<br />
d. Penyudutan tabung 15 derajat sepalad 15 derajat ke posterior<br />
e. Tabung mengarah 15 derajat kaudad dan 15 derajat ke posterior Pada
pemotretan <br />
<br />
12. Mandibula dengan proyeksi aksiolateral oblik berguna untuk menunjukkan
gambaran:<br />
a. Prosesus Kondiloideus<br />
b. Korpus mandibula<br />
c. Simpisis menti<br />
d. Jawaban b,c benar<br />
e. Jawaban a,b,c benar<br />
13. Untuk melihat gambaran paru bila tidak memungkinkan dibuat dengan posisi
RAO, posisi berikut yang dapat memberikan gambaran anatomis yang sama adalah:<br />
a. RPO<br />
b. LPO<br />
c. LAO<br />
d.RLD<br />
e. LLD</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">14. Untuk Proyeksi jantung dan aorta
sentrasi diarahkan tegak lurus pada MSP setinggi:<br />
a. Kolumnas Vertebre Thorakal III<br />
b. Kolumna Vertebre Thorakal IV<br />
c. Kolumna Vertebre Thorakal V<br />
d. Kolumna vertebre Thorakal VI<br />
e. Kolumna Vertebre Thorakal VII<br />
<br />
15. Pemotretan AP Lordotik merupakan proyeksi tambahan dalam pemotretan Thoraks
PA dengan tujuan untuk melihat:<br />
a. Ukuran jantung sebenarnya<br />
b. Membebaskan paru dan gambaran skapula<br />
c. Arkus aorta tampak lebih jelas<br />
d. Gambaran trakhea agar tidak superposisi dengan vertebre<br />
e. Apeks pulmo berada di inferior klavikula<br />
<br />
16. Untuk mengetahui letak lesi intra thoraks secara akurat posisi yang harus
dilakukan adalah:<br />
a. Lateral dekubitus kanan dan kiri<br />
b. AP dan lateral supine<br />
c. PA dan LLD<br />
d. PA dan lateral tegak<br />
e. LAO dan RPO<br />
<br />
17. Tujuan pemotretan abdomen AP supine pada kasus abdomen akut adalah untuk
melihat:<br />
a. distensi atau pelebaran usus<br />
b. distribusi udara bebas dalam perut<br />
c. batas yang jelas antara udara dan cairan dalam perut<br />
d. peradangan usus<br />
e. udara dalam lambung<br />
<br />
18. Untuk Proyeksi jantung dan aorta sentrasi diarahkan tegak lurus pada MSP
setinggi:<br />
A.Kolumnas Vertebre Thorakal III<br />
B.Kolumna Vertebre Thorakal IV<br />
C.Kolumna Vertebre Thorakal V<br />
D.Kolumna vertebre Thorakal VI<br />
E.Kolumna Vertebre Thorakal VII<br />
<br />
19. Pada pemeriksaan abdomen akut dilakukan pemotretan abdomen tiga posisi.
Yang dimaksud abdomen tiga posisi adalah:<br />
A. AP SUPINE, LATERAL DAN LLD<br />
B. AP SUPINE, SETENGAH DUDUK, RLD<br />
C. AP SUPNE, RLD,LLD<br />
D. AP SETENGAH DUDUK, RLD,LLD<br />
E. AP SUPINE, AP STENGAH DUDUK DAN LLD<br />
<br />
20. Untuk memperlihatkan gambaran seluruh foramen magnum dengan proyeksi
anteroposterior sebaiknya penyudutan tabung sebesar:<br />
a. l0 derajat<br />
b. 20 derajat<br />
c. 30 derajat<br />
d. 40 derajat<br />
e. 50 derajat<br />
<br />
21. Proyeksi submentovertikal berguna untuk memperlihatkan gambaran antara
lain:<br />
a. dasar kepala/basis kranii<br />
b. sinus spenoidalis<br />
c. prosesus mastoideus<br />
d. jawaban B dan C benar<br />
e. Jawaban A,B,C benar<br />
<br />
22. Bila terjadi deviasi gambaran foramen optikum ke arah superior atau
inferior disebabkan karena:<br />
a. Sentrasi terlalu ke arah medial<br />
b. Pengaturan sudut MSP kepala terhadap meja tidak tepat<br />
c. Letak kaset terlalu bergeser ke arah superior<br />
d. AML tidak tegak lurus kaset<br />
e. Penyudutan tabung melenceng ke lateral<br />
<br />
23. Proyeksi tersebut di bawah mi untuk melihat foramen optikum , kecuali:<br />
a. Rhese<br />
b. Lysholm<br />
c. Metode Berthel<br />
d. Alexander<br />
e. Metode Pfeiffer<br />
<br />
24. Test Sensitivitas terhadap media kontras dapat dilakukan dengan berbagai
cara Di bawah mi contoh test tersebut kecuali:<br />
a. Menyuntikkan secara IV sejumlah 2 ml media kontras dan tunggu reaksi selama
5 menit<br />
b. Meneteskan sebnyak 2 tetes media kontras pada mata, tunggu reaksinya sampai
2 menit<br />
c. Menyuntikkan sebanyak 1 ml media kontras di bawah kulit lalu tunggu
reaksinya selama 5 menit<br />
d. Meneteskan lodium pada kulit , tutup dengan kssa, plester dan tunggu selama
30 menit perhatikan reaksinya<br />
e. Suntikkan obat anti histamin, lima menit sebelum penyutikkan media kontras,
tunggu, baru suntikkan media kontras sejumlah dosis yang dibutuhkan.<br />
<br />
25. Di bawah mi media kontras yang non ionik water soluble:<br />
a. Urografin 76 %<br />
b. Angiografin<br />
c. lopamiro<br />
d. Telebrix<br />
e. Biligrafin<br />
<br />
26. Syarat yang harus dipenuhi oleh media kontras agar dapat berdaya guna
tinggi dalam menunjang diagnosa adalah sbb:<br />
a. mudah diserap oleh oleh darah<br />
b. tidak menimbulkan iritasi oleh tubuh<br />
c. dalam tubuh tidak merupakan benda asing<br />
d. jawaban B,C benar<br />
e. Jawaban A,B,C benar<br />
<br />
27. Untuk melihat columna vertebra cervical secara fungsional diperoleh dengan
cara:<br />
a. Proyeksi AP/lateral ‘weight bearing’<br />
b. Proyeksi lateral dengan kepala fleksi dan ekatensi<br />
c. Proyeksi AP, ‘bending’ kepala kanan dan kiri<br />
d. Proyeksi oblik dengan pasien supine dan erect<br />
e. Semua jawaban benar<br />
<br />
28. Untuk penderita trauma akut, untuk melihat columna vertebrae cervical,
proyeksi<br />
yang perlama kali dibuat sebaiknya:<br />
a. Proyeksi ‘pillar’<br />
b. AP dengan ‘open mouth’<br />
c. AP dengan menggerakkan rahang bawah (wagging jaw)<br />
d. Proyeksi lateral sinar horisontal<br />
e. Semua jawaban benar<br />
<br />
29. Gambaran secara frontal (frontal view) foramen inter vertebrae kanan pada
vertebra cervical proyeksi yang tepat dengan posisi penderita:<br />
a.RAO<br />
b.RPO <br />
c.LAO<br />
d.LPO<br />
é. AP erect<br />
<br />
30. Sendi apofisial pada columna vertebra thorakal paling tepat ditunjukkan
dengan posisi penderita:<br />
a. Posisi true lateral<br />
b. Posisi oblik rotasi 45° dan posisi supine<br />
c. AP erect<br />
d.. Posisi oblik’axilary plane’ 700 terhadap bidang horisontal<br />
e. Posisi oblik axilary plane’ 700 terhadap bidang vertikal<br />
<br />
31. Metode Twinning (dikenàl dengan Swimmer view) dibuat untuk memperlihatkan<br />
gambaran dan:<br />
a. Sendi atlas dan axis<br />
b. Daerah cervicothoracal<br />
c. Daerah lumbosacral<br />
d. Persendián dorsolumbar<br />
e. Daerah thoracolumbal<br />
<br />
32. Pada penderita lateral recumbent tanpa diganjal dengan spon agar rongga
discus interventebrae pada tulang belakang tampak secara optimal sebaiknya
sentrasi di arahkan:<br />
a. 5-lO°caudad <br />
b. 15-20°cáudad <br />
c. l0-15°sepalad <br />
d. 15-20°sepalad<br />
e. Tegak lurus<br />
<br />
33. Hernia atau ruptur pada discus intervertebrae dapat ditunjukkan secara
radiografi dengan melakukan pemeriksaan:<br />
a. Discografi<br />
b. Myelografi<br />
c. CT Scan<br />
d. Jawaban b,c benar<br />
e. Jawaban a, b, c benar<br />
<br />
34. Pada pemotretan faring, laring, trachea dibuat di daerah leher dengan
posisi lateral<br />
secara soft tissue, dengan titik bidik setinggi, kecuali:<br />
a. Cricoid cartilago<br />
b. Sternal notch<br />
c. Columna vertebrae cervical III<br />
d. Columa vertebrae cervical II<br />
e. Columna vertbrae cervicothoracal<br />
<br />
35. Yang termasuk indikasi foto thorax ‘cito’ adalah, kecuali:<br />
a. Tumor dilapangan pulmo<br />
b. Sesak nafas karena asmà<br />
c. Haemoptoe<br />
d. Komplikasi DSSDHF<br />
e. TBC disertai demam tinggi<br />
<br />
36. Pada pembuatan radiograf thorax bayi, sebaiknya nilai exposi yang dipilih
adalah<br />
a. kV, tinggi, waktu singkat<br />
b. kV rendah, waktu singkat<br />
c. mA besar, waktu singkat<br />
d. Jawaban a dan c benar<br />
C. Jawaban a, b, c benar<br />
<br />
37. Bila pasien mengalami rotasi pada foto thorax dari ‘frontal view’ tampak
gambaran d radiograf berupa:<br />
a. Letak kctinggian clavicula<br />
b. Kurvatura tulang thoracal<br />
c. Adanya gambaran scapula pada lapangan pan <br />
d. Sendi sternoclavicularis asimetris<br />
e. Semua jawaban benar<br />
<br />
38. Radiografi thorax yang dilakukan exposi sebelah expirasi berguna untuk<br />
menunjukkan:<br />
a. Pneumothorax<br />
b. Efusi pleura<br />
c. Fraktur iga<br />
d. Empyema<br />
e. Semua jawaban benar<br />
<br />
39. Posisi manakah yang berguna untuk menampakkan udara bebas dalam rongga<br />
peritoneum (pneumoparietoneum spontan)?<br />
a. Erect<br />
b. Lateral delcubitus<br />
c. Dorsal dekubitus<br />
d. a,b benar<br />
e. a,b,c benar<br />
<br />
40. Bila pasien tidak dapat diposisikan RAO, posisi berikut yang dapat
memberikan informasi anatomis yang sama posisi tersebut pada foto paru adalah<br />
a. RPO b. LPO c. LAO d. LLD<br />
e. Sama saja asal posisi pasien oblik<br />
<br />
41. Untuk mengetahui letak lesi intra thorax secara akurat, posisi yang
dilakukan adalah:<br />
a. LAO, RPO<br />
b. PA dan lateral erect<br />
c. AP dan lateral supine<br />
d. Lateral decubitus kanan kiri<br />
e. PA dan LLD<br />
<br />
42. Untuk proyeksi jantung dan aorta, sentrasi diarahkan tegak lurus pada MSP
setinggi:<br />
a. Columna vertebrae thoracal IV<br />
b. Columna vertebrae thoracal V<br />
c. Columna vertbrae thoracal VI<br />
d. Bukan dari ketiga daerah tersebut<br />
e. Jawaban a, b, c benar<br />
<br />
43. Untuk menampakkan cairan pleura yang jumlahnya sedikit, sebaiknya posisi
pasien<br />
saat pengambilan radiograf adalah:<br />
a. Posisi oblique anterior erect<br />
b. Posisi recumbent dengan daerah yang dicurigai ada diatas dan disinar
horisontal<br />
c. Posisi supine<br />
d. LLD dengan sisi yang dicurigai dekat dengan meja<br />
e. Semua jawaban diatas benar<br />
<br />
44. Foto thorax supine kadang dilakukan khususnya untuk penderita dengan sakit
yang berat maupun pada penderita yang tidak manipu diposisikan erect.
Pernyataan tentang perbandingan pósisi PA erect dan AP supine foto thorax yang
kurang tepat adalah:<br />
a. Pada thorax AP supine organ dalani thorax akan mengalami kompresi <br />
b. ‘Air fluid level’ tidak tampak dengan proyeksi AP supine<br />
c. Pembesaran jantung tampak lebih besar pada proyeksi erect<br />
d. Pada proyeksi AP supine, clavicula tampak posisinya lebih tinggi<br />
e. Semua jawaban diatas benar<br />
<br />
45. Letak gambar apex pulmonum akan tampak terlibat berada di inferior bayangan<br />
clavicula dengan proyeksi sebagai berikut<br />
a. AP lordotik<br />
b. PA axial sinar 100 caudad<br />
c. AP axial sinar 300 sepalad<br />
d. Jawaban a,b,c benar<br />
e. Jawaban a, c benar<br />
<br />
46. Pernyataan yang benar tentang bronchografi adalah:<br />
a. Kontras media dimasukkan dengan kateter dan dikeluarkan dengan batuk<br />
b. Aliran kontras media terbantu dengan posisi tubuh<br />
c. Selama pemeriksaan diberi obat untuk mengurangi reflak agar pasien tidak
batuk<br />
d. Jawaban a,b benar<br />
e. Jawaban a,b,c benar<br />
<br />
47. Proyeksi left lateral decubitus yang benar yaitu dengan membuat posisi
penderita sebagai berikut:<br />
a. Berbaring miring sisi kiri dibawah sisi kanan diatas dengan sinar vertikal<br />
b. Berbaning miring sisi kiri dibawah sisi kanan diatas dengan sinar honsontal<br />
c. Berbaring supine sisi kiri menempel kaset dengan sinar horisontal<br />
d. Berbaring miring sisi kanan dibawah sisi kiri diatas sinar horisontal<br />
e. Ada dua jawabàn yang benar<br />
48. Tujuan menunggu 10- 20 menit baru dilakukan exposi pada pemotretan abdomen<br />
LLD adalah:<br />
a. Menilai udara yang berada dalam usus<br />
b. Menilai ada tidaknya udara bebas yang mendesak dacrah lambung<br />
c. Menilai ada tidaknya udara bebas yang mendesak daerah hepar<br />
d. Memberi waktu agar pasien tenang<br />
e. Semua jawaban diatas benar<br />
<br />
49. Untuk penderita dengan suspek obstruksi ileus, foto yang dibuat yang paling
tepat<br />
adalah:<br />
a. Foto abdomen supine, LLD dan RLD<br />
b. Foto abdomen supine, LLD dan lateral recumbent<br />
c. Foto abdomen tegak, supine dan LLD<br />
d. Foto abdomen tegak, lateral recumbent dan LLD<br />
e. Foto abdomen supine<br />
<br />
50. Kriteria foto BNO polos dibawah ini yang kurang tepat adalah:<br />
a. Batas atas setinggi processus xipoideus batas bawah sympbisis pubis<br />
b. Ada rotasi pasien ditunjukkan dengan processus spinosus tepat ditengah
columna vertebra lumbal<br />
c. Tampak gambaran soft tissue ‘peritoneal fat’<br />
d. Tampak gambaran soft tissue psoasmuscularis<br />
e. Semua jawaban benar</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Labels: </span><a href="http://www.babehedi.com/search/label/SOAL%20TEKNIK%20RADIOGRAFI"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SOAL TEKNIK RADIOGRAFI</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>SOAL-SOAL TEKNIK RADIOGRAFI</ins></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins></ins></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>PILIHLAH
SALAH SATU JAWABAN YANG BENAR DENGAN MENGHITAMKAN ATAU BLOK HURUF A, B, C, D
DAN E.</ins></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins></ins></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>1. Untuk
mengukur rasio adenoid secara tepat dibuat pemotretan di daerah faring dengan
proyeksi: <br />
a. Ap dan lateral dengan nilai eksposi normal <br />
b. Cukup AP dengan teknik soft tissue <br />
c. Cukup lateral dengan teknik soft tissue <br />
d. Cukup AP dengan nilai eksposi normal <br />
e. AP dan oblik dengan teknik soft tissue </ins></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins></ins></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>2. Berikut
ini kurang tepat dalam pemeriksaan laringografi: <br />
a. Valsava manuever akan memperlihatkan terbukanya glotis <br />
b. Insiprasi secara perlahan-lahan selama eksposi menyebabkan pita suara
abduksi <br />
c. Pemeriksaan laring dapat dibuat dengan media kontras positip <br />
d. Pemeriksaan laring dapat dilakukan dengan media kontras negatif <br />
e. Phonasi selama eksposi menyebabkan pita suara adduksi </ins></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins></ins></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>3. Pada
hasil foto thoraks, bila pasien mengalami rotasi dapat terlihat pada gambaran: <br />
a. kurvatura tulang thorakalnya <br />
b. gambaran kedua skapula di kedua lapangan paru <br />
c. sendi sternokiavikular asimetris <br />
d. letak ketinggian klavikulanya <br />
e. gambaran lapangan paru setinggi thorakal X </ins></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins></ins></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>4. Pada
pemotretan thorak PA dewasa bila pasien benar-benar inspirasi penuh ditandai
dengan gambaran: <br />
a. Lapangan pam berada setinggi iga 9-10 depan dan iga 7-8 belakang <br />
b. Lapangan paru setinggi iga depan 9-10 dan iga belakang 9-10 <br />
c. Lapangan paru setingi iga depan 7-8 dan iga belakang 7-8 <br />
d. Lapangan paru berada setinggi iga 7-8 depan dan iga 9-10 belakang <br />
e. Lapangan paru berada setinggi thorakal 12 </ins></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins></ins></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>5. Radiograf
thoraks yang dilakukan eksposi setelah ekspirasi berguna untuk menunjukkan: <br />
a. Empyema <br />
b. Efusi pleura <br />
c. Pneumo thoraks <br />
d. Tumor pada paru <br />
e. TBC <br />
</ins></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins><br />
</ins></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>6. Pada pemotretan thoraks bayi
sebaiknya diatur nilai eksposi dengan: <br />
a. KV rendah, waktu singkat <br />
b. KV rendah, waktu lama <br />
c. KV tinggi , waktu lama <br />
d. MA tinggi, Waktu singkat <br />
e. MA rendah , waktu singkat <br />
7. Yang dimaksud dengan Pemotretan abdomen LLD adalah:<br />
a. Pasien tidur miring sisi kiri tubuh menempel kaset sentasi vertikal tegal
lurus film<br />
b. Pasien supine kaset vertikal disisi kiri pasien sentrasi horisontal tegak
lurus film<br />
c. \Pasien tidur miring sisi kiri pasien menempel meja, film diletakkan vetikal
menempel pungung sentrasi horisontal tegak lurus film<br />
d. Pasien tidur miring sisi kanan pasien menempel film sentrasi vertikal tegak
lurus film<br />
e. Pasien tidur miring sisi kanan pasien menempel meja, film vertikal menempel
punggung sentrasi horisontal tegak lurus film<br />
<br />
8. Pada kasus atresia ani pada bayi baru lahir jika dilakukan pemeriksaan
radiologi menurut saudara proyeksi yang tepat adalah:<br />
a. dibuat abdomen tiga posisi<br />
b. AP dan Lateral pasien supine<br />
c. AP supine dan LLD<br />
d. Dibalik kepala di bawah, AP dan lateral “knee chest”<br />
e. Cukup LLD<br />
</ins></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins><br />
</ins></span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>9. Sudut
antara dua garis bantu kepala di bawah ini sebesar 70:<br />
a. antara OML dan glabelomeatal line<br />
b. antara OML dan AML<br />
c. antara IOML dan AML<br />
d. antara IOML dan OML<br />
e. antara IOML dan interpupilary line<br />
<br />
10. Pada proyeksi parieto akantial metode Water’s kepala ekstensi 37 derajat
dengan tujuan:<br />
a. agar sinus maksilaris tampak benar-benar bulat<br />
b. agar nampak batas udara dan cairan<br />
c. agar tulang petrosum tidak superposisi dengan sinus maksilaris<br />
d. agar memudahkan dan mengenakkan pasien<br />
e. agar dalam positioning tidak mengalami kesulitan<br />
<br />
11. Yang dimaksud dengan “double tube angulation” pada metode Law adalah:<br />
a. Tabung mengarah 15 deraj at kaudad dan 15 deraj at ke anterior<br />
b. Dan posisi lateral di rotasi 15 derajat dan sinar 15 derajat sepalad<br />
c. Tabung mengarah 15 derajat sepalad dan 15 derajat ke anterior<br />
d. Penyudutan tabung 15 derajat sepalad 15 derajat ke posterior<br />
e. Tabung mengarah 15 derajat kaudad dan 15 derajat ke posterior Pada
pemotretan <br />
<br />
12. Mandibula dengan proyeksi aksiolateral oblik berguna untuk menunjukkan
gambaran:<br />
a. Prosesus Kondiloideus<br />
b. Korpus mandibula<br />
c. Simpisis menti<br />
d. Jawaban b,c benar<br />
e. Jawaban a,b,c benar<br />
13. Untuk melihat gambaran paru bila tidak memungkinkan dibuat dengan posisi
RAO, posisi berikut yang dapat memberikan gambaran anatomis yang sama adalah:<br />
a. RPO<br />
b. LPO<br />
c. LAO<br />
d.RLD<br />
e. LLD</ins></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins></ins></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>14. Untuk
Proyeksi jantung dan aorta sentrasi diarahkan tegak lurus pada MSP setinggi:<br />
a. Kolumnas Vertebre Thorakal III<br />
b. Kolumna Vertebre Thorakal IV<br />
c. Kolumna Vertebre Thorakal V<br />
d. Kolumna vertebre Thorakal VI<br />
e. Kolumna Vertebre Thorakal VII<br />
<br />
15. Pemotretan AP Lordotik merupakan proyeksi tambahan dalam pemotretan Thoraks
PA dengan tujuan untuk melihat:<br />
a. Ukuran jantung sebenarnya<br />
b. Membebaskan paru dan gambaran skapula<br />
c. Arkus aorta tampak lebih jelas<br />
d. Gambaran trakhea agar tidak superposisi dengan vertebre<br />
e. Apeks pulmo berada di inferior klavikula<br />
<br />
16. Untuk mengetahui letak lesi intra thoraks secara akurat posisi yang harus
dilakukan adalah:<br />
a. Lateral dekubitus kanan dan kiri<br />
b. AP dan lateral supine<br />
c. PA dan LLD<br />
d. PA dan lateral tegak<br />
e. LAO dan RPO<br />
<br />
17. Tujuan pemotretan abdomen AP supine pada kasus abdomen akut adalah untuk
melihat:<br />
a. distensi atau pelebaran usus<br />
b. distribusi udara bebas dalam perut<br />
c. batas yang jelas antara udara dan cairan dalam perut<br />
d. peradangan usus<br />
e. udara dalam lambung<br />
<br />
18. Untuk Proyeksi jantung dan aorta sentrasi diarahkan tegak lurus pada MSP
setinggi:<br />
A.Kolumnas Vertebre Thorakal III<br />
B.Kolumna Vertebre Thorakal IV<br />
C.Kolumna Vertebre Thorakal V<br />
D.Kolumna vertebre Thorakal VI<br />
E.Kolumna Vertebre Thorakal VII<br />
<br />
19. Pada pemeriksaan abdomen akut dilakukan pemotretan abdomen tiga posisi.
Yang dimaksud abdomen tiga posisi adalah:<br />
A. AP SUPINE, LATERAL DAN LLD<br />
B. AP SUPINE, SETENGAH DUDUK, RLD<br />
C. AP SUPNE, RLD,LLD<br />
D. AP SETENGAH DUDUK, RLD,LLD<br />
E. AP SUPINE, AP STENGAH DUDUK DAN LLD<br />
<br />
20. Untuk memperlihatkan gambaran seluruh foramen magnum dengan proyeksi
anteroposterior sebaiknya penyudutan tabung sebesar:<br />
a. l0 derajat<br />
b. 20 derajat<br />
c. 30 derajat<br />
d. 40 derajat<br />
e. 50 derajat<br />
<br />
21. Proyeksi submentovertikal berguna untuk memperlihatkan gambaran antara
lain:<br />
a. dasar kepala/basis kranii<br />
b. sinus spenoidalis<br />
c. prosesus mastoideus<br />
d. jawaban B dan C benar<br />
e. Jawaban A,B,C benar<br />
<br />
22. Bila terjadi deviasi gambaran foramen optikum ke arah superior atau
inferior disebabkan karena:<br />
a. Sentrasi terlalu ke arah medial<br />
b. Pengaturan sudut MSP kepala terhadap meja tidak tepat<br />
c. Letak kaset terlalu bergeser ke arah superior<br />
d. AML tidak tegak lurus kaset<br />
e. Penyudutan tabung melenceng ke lateral<br />
<br />
23. Proyeksi tersebut di bawah mi untuk melihat foramen optikum , kecuali:<br />
a. Rhese<br />
b. Lysholm<br />
c. Metode Berthel<br />
d. Alexander<br />
e. Metode Pfeiffer<br />
<br />
24. Test Sensitivitas terhadap media kontras dapat dilakukan dengan berbagai
cara Di bawah mi contoh test tersebut kecuali:<br />
a. Menyuntikkan secara IV sejumlah 2 ml media kontras dan tunggu reaksi selama
5 menit<br />
b. Meneteskan sebnyak 2 tetes media kontras pada mata, tunggu reaksinya sampai
2 menit<br />
c. Menyuntikkan sebanyak 1 ml media kontras di bawah kulit lalu tunggu
reaksinya selama 5 menit<br />
d. Meneteskan lodium pada kulit , tutup dengan kssa, plester dan tunggu selama
30 menit perhatikan reaksinya<br />
e. Suntikkan obat anti histamin, lima menit sebelum penyutikkan media kontras,
tunggu, baru suntikkan media kontras sejumlah dosis yang dibutuhkan.<br />
<br />
25. Di bawah mi media kontras yang non ionik water soluble:<br />
a. Urografin 76 %<br />
b. Angiografin<br />
c. lopamiro<br />
d. Telebrix<br />
e. Biligrafin<br />
<br />
26. Syarat yang harus dipenuhi oleh media kontras agar dapat berdaya guna
tinggi dalam menunjang diagnosa adalah sbb:<br />
a. mudah diserap oleh oleh darah<br />
b. tidak menimbulkan iritasi oleh tubuh<br />
c. dalam tubuh tidak merupakan benda asing<br />
d. jawaban B,C benar<br />
e. Jawaban A,B,C benar<br />
<br />
27. Untuk melihat columna vertebra cervical secara fungsional diperoleh dengan
cara:<br />
a. Proyeksi AP/lateral ‘weight bearing’<br />
b. Proyeksi lateral dengan kepala fleksi dan ekatensi<br />
c. Proyeksi AP, ‘bending’ kepala kanan dan kiri<br />
d. Proyeksi oblik dengan pasien supine dan erect<br />
e. Semua jawaban benar<br />
<br />
28. Untuk penderita trauma akut, untuk melihat columna vertebrae cervical,
proyeksi<br />
yang perlama kali dibuat sebaiknya:<br />
a. Proyeksi ‘pillar’<br />
b. AP dengan ‘open mouth’<br />
c. AP dengan menggerakkan rahang bawah (wagging jaw)<br />
d. Proyeksi lateral sinar horisontal<br />
e. Semua jawaban benar<br />
<br />
29. Gambaran secara frontal (frontal view) foramen inter vertebrae kanan pada
vertebra cervical proyeksi yang tepat dengan posisi penderita:<br />
a.RAO<br />
b.RPO <br />
c.LAO<br />
d.LPO<br />
é. AP erect<br />
<br />
30. Sendi apofisial pada columna vertebra thorakal paling tepat ditunjukkan
dengan posisi penderita:<br />
a. Posisi true lateral<br />
b. Posisi oblik rotasi 45° dan posisi supine<br />
c. AP erect<br />
d.. Posisi oblik’axilary plane’ 700 terhadap bidang horisontal<br />
e. Posisi oblik axilary plane’ 700 terhadap bidang vertikal<br />
<br />
31. Metode Twinning (dikenàl dengan Swimmer view) dibuat untuk memperlihatkan<br />
gambaran dan:<br />
a. Sendi atlas dan axis<br />
b. Daerah cervicothoracal<br />
c. Daerah lumbosacral<br />
d. Persendián dorsolumbar<br />
e. Daerah thoracolumbal<br />
<br />
32. Pada penderita lateral recumbent tanpa diganjal dengan spon agar rongga
discus interventebrae pada tulang belakang tampak secara optimal sebaiknya
sentrasi di arahkan:<br />
a. 5-lO°caudad <br />
b. 15-20°cáudad <br />
c. l0-15°sepalad <br />
d. 15-20°sepalad<br />
e. Tegak lurus<br />
<br />
33. Hernia atau ruptur pada discus intervertebrae dapat ditunjukkan secara
radiografi dengan melakukan pemeriksaan:<br />
a. Discografi<br />
b. Myelografi<br />
c. CT Scan<br />
d. Jawaban b,c benar<br />
e. Jawaban a, b, c benar<br />
<br />
34. Pada pemotretan faring, laring, trachea dibuat di daerah leher dengan
posisi lateral<br />
secara soft tissue, dengan titik bidik setinggi, kecuali:<br />
a. Cricoid cartilago<br />
b. Sternal notch<br />
c. Columna vertebrae cervical III<br />
d. Columa vertebrae cervical II<br />
e. Columna vertbrae cervicothoracal<br />
<br />
35. Yang termasuk indikasi foto thorax ‘cito’ adalah, kecuali:<br />
a. Tumor dilapangan pulmo<br />
b. Sesak nafas karena asmà<br />
c. Haemoptoe<br />
d. Komplikasi DSSDHF<br />
e. TBC disertai demam tinggi<br />
<br />
36. Pada pembuatan radiograf thorax bayi, sebaiknya nilai exposi yang dipilih
adalah<br />
a. kV, tinggi, waktu singkat<br />
b. kV rendah, waktu singkat<br />
c. mA besar, waktu singkat<br />
d. Jawaban a dan c benar<br />
C. Jawaban a, b, c benar<br />
<br />
37. Bila pasien mengalami rotasi pada foto thorax dari ‘frontal view’ tampak
gambaran d radiograf berupa:<br />
a. Letak kctinggian clavicula<br />
b. Kurvatura tulang thoracal<br />
c. Adanya gambaran scapula pada lapangan pan <br />
d. Sendi sternoclavicularis asimetris<br />
e. Semua jawaban benar<br />
<br />
38. Radiografi thorax yang dilakukan exposi sebelah expirasi berguna untuk<br />
menunjukkan:<br />
a. Pneumothorax<br />
b. Efusi pleura<br />
c. Fraktur iga<br />
d. Empyema<br />
e. Semua jawaban benar<br />
<br />
39. Posisi manakah yang berguna untuk menampakkan udara bebas dalam rongga<br />
peritoneum (pneumoparietoneum spontan)?<br />
a. Erect<br />
b. Lateral delcubitus<br />
c. Dorsal dekubitus<br />
d. a,b benar<br />
e. a,b,c benar<br />
<br />
40. Bila pasien tidak dapat diposisikan RAO, posisi berikut yang dapat
memberikan informasi anatomis yang sama posisi tersebut pada foto paru adalah<br />
a. RPO b. LPO c. LAO d. LLD<br />
e. Sama saja asal posisi pasien oblik<br />
<br />
41. Untuk mengetahui letak lesi intra thorax secara akurat, posisi yang
dilakukan adalah:<br />
a. LAO, RPO<br />
b. PA dan lateral erect<br />
c. AP dan lateral supine<br />
d. Lateral decubitus kanan kiri<br />
e. PA dan LLD<br />
<br />
42. Untuk proyeksi jantung dan aorta, sentrasi diarahkan tegak lurus pada MSP
setinggi:<br />
a. Columna vertebrae thoracal IV<br />
b. Columna vertebrae thoracal V<br />
c. Columna vertbrae thoracal VI<br />
d. Bukan dari ketiga daerah tersebut<br />
e. Jawaban a, b, c benar<br />
<br />
43. Untuk menampakkan cairan pleura yang jumlahnya sedikit, sebaiknya posisi
pasien<br />
saat pengambilan radiograf adalah:<br />
a. Posisi oblique anterior erect<br />
b. Posisi recumbent dengan daerah yang dicurigai ada diatas dan disinar
horisontal<br />
c. Posisi supine<br />
d. LLD dengan sisi yang dicurigai dekat dengan meja<br />
e. Semua jawaban diatas benar<br />
<br />
44. Foto thorax supine kadang dilakukan khususnya untuk penderita dengan sakit
yang berat maupun pada penderita yang tidak manipu diposisikan erect.
Pernyataan tentang perbandingan pósisi PA erect dan AP supine foto thorax yang
kurang tepat adalah:<br />
a. Pada thorax AP supine organ dalani thorax akan mengalami kompresi <br />
b. ‘Air fluid level’ tidak tampak dengan proyeksi AP supine<br />
c. Pembesaran jantung tampak lebih besar pada proyeksi erect<br />
d. Pada proyeksi AP supine, clavicula tampak posisinya lebih tinggi<br />
e. Semua jawaban diatas benar<br />
<br />
45. Letak gambar apex pulmonum akan tampak terlibat berada di inferior bayangan<br />
clavicula dengan proyeksi sebagai berikut<br />
a. AP lordotik<br />
b. PA axial sinar 100 caudad<br />
c. AP axial sinar 300 sepalad<br />
d. Jawaban a,b,c benar<br />
e. Jawaban a, c benar<br />
<br />
46. Pernyataan yang benar tentang bronchografi adalah:<br />
a. Kontras media dimasukkan dengan kateter dan dikeluarkan dengan batuk<br />
b. Aliran kontras media terbantu dengan posisi tubuh<br />
c. Selama pemeriksaan diberi obat untuk mengurangi reflak agar pasien tidak
batuk<br />
d. Jawaban a,b benar<br />
e. Jawaban a,b,c benar<br />
<br />
47. Proyeksi left lateral decubitus yang benar yaitu dengan membuat posisi
penderita sebagai berikut:<br />
a. Berbaring miring sisi kiri dibawah sisi kanan diatas dengan sinar vertikal<br />
b. Berbaning miring sisi kiri dibawah sisi kanan diatas dengan sinar honsontal<br />
c. Berbaring supine sisi kiri menempel kaset dengan sinar horisontal<br />
d. Berbaring miring sisi kanan dibawah sisi kiri diatas sinar horisontal<br />
e. Ada dua jawabàn yang benar<br />
48. Tujuan menunggu 10- 20 menit baru dilakukan exposi pada pemotretan abdomen<br />
LLD adalah:<br />
a. Menilai udara yang berada dalam usus<br />
b. Menilai ada tidaknya udara bebas yang mendesak dacrah lambung<br />
c. Menilai ada tidaknya udara bebas yang mendesak daerah hepar<br />
d. Memberi waktu agar pasien tenang<br />
e. Semua jawaban diatas benar<br />
<br />
49. Untuk penderita dengan suspek obstruksi ileus, foto yang dibuat yang paling
tepat<br />
adalah:<br />
a. Foto abdomen supine, LLD dan RLD<br />
b. Foto abdomen supine, LLD dan lateral recumbent<br />
c. Foto abdomen tegak, supine dan LLD<br />
d. Foto abdomen tegak, lateral recumbent dan LLD<br />
e. Foto abdomen supine<br />
<br />
50. Kriteria foto BNO polos dibawah ini yang kurang tepat adalah:<br />
a. Batas atas setinggi processus xipoideus batas bawah sympbisis pubis<br />
b. Ada rotasi pasien ditunjukkan dengan processus spinosus tepat ditengah
columna vertebra lumbal<br />
c. Tampak gambaran soft tissue ‘peritoneal fat’<br />
d. Tampak gambaran soft tissue psoasmuscularis<br />
e. Semua jawaban benar</ins></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins></ins></span></span></b></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07603932376022842245noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7997065121951304751.post-85339380686519489602013-01-01T19:11:00.002-08:002013-01-01T19:11:41.718-08:00SOAL-SOAL CT SCAN<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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diantara ilmuwan berikut yang merupakan pendiri CT ?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alan Cormack</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Raymond
Damadian</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Geodfrey
Hounsfield</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Paul Lauterbur</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1, 2 dan 3
benar</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1 dan 3 benar</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2 dan 4 benar</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">hanya 4 yang
benar</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="2" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Manakah
diantara data berikut yang merupakan karakteristik dari CT generasi
pertama ?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">detector array</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">fan beam</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pencil beam</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">slip ring
technology</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="3" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Manakah
diantara data berikut yang merupakan karakteristik khusus dari CT generasi
keempat ?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fan x-ray beam
geometry</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Multi element
detector array</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fixed detector array</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rotate-translate
motion</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="4" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Manakah
diantara data berikut yang merupakan karakteristik dari CT generasi kedua
?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hanya mampu
membuat citra kepala, bukan tubuh</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pencil-shape
x-ray beam</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Translate-rotate motion</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Single image
projection per translation</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="5" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Manakah
diantara data berikut yang merupakan karakteristik dari CT generasi pertama
?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">detector array</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">fan beam</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">five minute image time</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">rotate beam</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<ol start="6" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Teknik
analisa secara matematis yang sering digunakan pada CT untuk
merekonstruksi gambar adalah ?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Filtered back projection</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fourier transformation</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Iterative
reconstruction</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bukan salah
satu di atas</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="7" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Karakteristik
yang paling utama dari spiral CT adalah ?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">continous rotation of the x-ray beam</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">high kVp</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">high mAs</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">thin slice imaging</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="8" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gambaran berupa streak artifact
sebagai akibat dari densitas yang sangat tinggi yang tidak dapat dihandle
oleh computer, merupakan artifact dari ?</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">metallic artifacts</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">motion artifacts</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ring artifacts</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">stair-step artifacts</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="9" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ring artifacts dapat diperbaiki
dengan cara ?</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pemilihan FOV yang benar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kalibrasi ulang atau perbaikan detector</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">melepaskan benda-benda logam</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">memperkecil ukuran slice thickness</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="10" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Artifacts
yang disebabkan karena proses rekonstruksi dan posisi yang tidak tepat
antara tube dan center plane merupakan artifacts dari ?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">helical artifacts
single-slice</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">helical
artifacts multi-slice</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">stair step
artifacts</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ring artifacts</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07603932376022842245noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7997065121951304751.post-50723819816958754112013-01-01T19:09:00.000-08:002013-01-01T19:09:30.893-08:00Soal Latihan UTS Biologi Oral 2012<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt 36.0pt 180.0pt 198.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt 36.0pt 180.0pt 198.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
1.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sel bakal rahang dan sel-sel ini berproliferasi lebih cepat dari
sel-sel di sekitarnya …</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt 36.0pt 180.0pt 198.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dental Sac</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt 36.0pt 180.0pt 198.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dental Lamina</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt 36.0pt 180.0pt 198.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Inner Dental
Epithelium</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt 36.0pt 180.0pt 198.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Stellate Reticulum</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt 36.0pt 180.0pt 198.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Outer Dental
Epithelium</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dental sac adalah benih untuk
membentuk …</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt 31.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Enamel</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt 31.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dentin</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt 31.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Jaringan Periodontal</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt 31.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ruang Pulpa</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt 31.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>DEJ</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt 36.0pt 180.0pt 198.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pertumbuhan akar gigi terjadi saat posisi pertumbuhan enamel dan
dentin mencapai …</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt 36.0pt 180.0pt 198.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>CEJ</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt 36.0pt 180.0pt 198.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>DEJ</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt 36.0pt 180.0pt 198.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Inner dental
epithelium</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt 36.0pt 180.0pt 198.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dental papil</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt 36.0pt 180.0pt 198.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dental sac</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt 36.0pt 180.0pt 198.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
4.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt 36.0pt 180.0pt 198.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
5.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Terjadinya reflek saliva setelah makanan masuk lambung merupakan
fase …</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt 36.0pt 180.0pt 198.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Oral</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt 36.0pt 180.0pt 198.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Buccal</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt 36.0pt 180.0pt 198.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Gastrointestinal</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt 36.0pt 180.0pt 198.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sefalik</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt 36.0pt 180.0pt 198.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kimiawi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt 36.0pt 180.0pt 198.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
6.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt 36.0pt 180.0pt 198.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
7.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pernyataan yang benar tentang gelombang peristaltic :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt 36.0pt 180.0pt 198.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Terjadi pada fase
oesofageal</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt 36.0pt 180.0pt 198.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Merupakan stadium
volunteer</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt 36.0pt 180.0pt 198.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Membantu pergerakan
makanan dari lambung ke …</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt 36.0pt 180.0pt 198.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Terjadi pada fase
faryngeal</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt 36.0pt 180.0pt 198.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Merupakan aktivitas
kontraksi otot tanpa bantuan gravitasi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt 36.0pt 180.0pt 198.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
8.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt 36.0pt 180.0pt 198.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
9.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</div>
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10.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</div>
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11.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</div>
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12.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</div>
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13.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Bagian-bagian dari alveolar bone, kecuali …</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Lamina Dura</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Interseptum Dura</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</div>
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14.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Yang mempengaruhi stimulasi terbentuknya osteoclast adalah …</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hassal bodies</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>IL-1</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>RANKL</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>cAMP</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sabut kolagen</div>
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15.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Yang berperan dalam mekanisme pertahanan gingiva :</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dental plaque</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Respon inflamasi</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Jar. Fibroblas</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Blood stream</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Enzim lisosom</div>
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16.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Setelah akumulasi plak pada hari ke-6 akan terjadi …</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Vasodilatasi pembuluh
darah</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kemotaktik PMN</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hilangnya sabut
kolagen</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sel B berdifferensiasi
jadi sel plasma</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Peningkatan fiber Ab
pada saliva</div>
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17.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Etiologi respon imun pada penyakit periodontal …</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>IgG dengan konsentrasi
yang meningkat pada GCF</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Infiltrasi PMN pada
pocket</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Peningkatan titer Ab
pada saliva</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Gangguan pada system
imun</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Infiltrasi sel B yang
dominan</div>
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18.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Komponen imun aktif adalah …</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sitokin</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dextran</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Lextran</div>
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19.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pada penyakit periodontal, destruksi terjadi pada tahap …</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Initial stage</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Early lesion stage</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Established lesion
stage</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Advantages lesion
stage</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C & D</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</div>
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20.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Berikut
yang paling berperan dalam penyakit periodontal adalah …</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sitokin</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Makrofag</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sel Plasma</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>PMN</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Limfosit</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</div>
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21.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Fungsi dental papilla :</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Membentuk benih gigi
sulung</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Perluasan dental
organ ke distal</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Membentuk benih gigi
permanen</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Membentuk tulang
rahang</div>
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22.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</div>
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23.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Berikut ini adalah struktur yang berperan dalam pembentukan dentin :</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dental sac<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Stellate reticulum</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dentin matrix<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sabut von korff</div>
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24.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tahapan embryonic period terjadi sepanjang tuba uterine …</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Fertilisasi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Morula</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Cleavage<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Blastocyst</div>
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25.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</div>
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26.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</div>
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27.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</div>
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28.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Yang termasuk kelainan jumlah kromosom pada kromosom sex adalah…</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Achondroplasia<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Cri Du Chat Syndrome</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Down Syndrome<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Klinefelter Syndrome</div>
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29.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kekuatan pengunyahan dipengaruhi :</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Konfigurasi cusp gigi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Konsistensi
makanan</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kesehatan jar.
penyangga<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Volume sekresi saliva</div>
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30.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Struktur
yang terlibat dalam proses penelanan adalah …</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Lidah<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Faring</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Laring<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Otot pengunyahan</div>
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31.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Yang termasuk fase pengunyahan …</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kontak gigi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Grinding</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt 36.0pt 180.0pt 198.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Gusting<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Oklusal Sentri</div>
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32.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</div>
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33.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sabut kolagen pada gingiva yang berperan mempertahankan kedekatan
gigi dan gingiva :</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dentogingiva Fibers<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Circular Fibers</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Transeptal Fibers<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dentoperiosteal Fibers</div>
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34.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Cementum tertebal terdapat pada daerah …</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Inter radial<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Apeks gigi</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tom’s granule layer<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt 36.0pt 144.0pt 162.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
35.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt 36.0pt 144.0pt 162.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
36.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Down syndrome merupakan gangguan kelainan struktur kromosom SEBAB
Down syndrome terjadi karena pada kromosom no. 21</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
37.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</div>
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38.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Garis
von Evner adalah garis yang terbentuk selama proses perkapuran dentin SEBAB
proses metabolisme mineral tubuh setiap hari tidak selalu sama</div>
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39.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Bentuk pula
yang akan terjadi sudah terlihat sejak fase tudung <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">SEBAB </b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada pulpa embironal
terdapat banyak sabut arghyropil</span></div>
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40.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</div>
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41.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt 36.0pt 180.0pt 198.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
42.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Periodontal ligament mempunyai sabut elastis yang banyak dan
bervariasi SEBAB Sabut elastis pada ligament periodontal adalah bahan antar sel
tidak berbentuk yang terdapat pada dinding pembuluh darah</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt 36.0pt 180.0pt 198.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
43.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Lapisan cementum tertutupi oleh Tom’s Granuler Layer pada dentin
SEBAB Tom’s Granuler Layer berada diatas dari lapisan Tome’s Fiber</div>
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44.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sementum merupakan bahan yang tidak dipersarafi SEBAB Sementum dapat
memproduksi nutrisinya sendiri</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt 36.0pt 180.0pt 198.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
45.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt 36.0pt 180.0pt 198.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
46.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Yang termasuk anti-inflammatory sitokin adalah IL-13 SEBAB Produksi
abnormal beberapa sitokin seperti TNF-α berdampak penyakit inflamasi dan
autoimun</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt 36.0pt 180.0pt 198.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
47.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Spesifik AB dalam saliva dan darah berbeda SEBAB Proporsi dalam
saliva dipengaruhi oleh darah yang mengalir melalui kalenjar saliva</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt 36.0pt 180.0pt 198.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
48.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>IL-1 merupakan osteoclast activating factor SEBAB IL-1 meresorbsi
tulang alveolar</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt 36.0pt 180.0pt 198.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
49.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Produk
proteinase (mmp) berperan dalam proses penyembuhan penyakit periodontal <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">SEBAB </b>mmp-1 dihasilkan oleh pmn</span></div>
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50.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt 36.0pt 180.0pt 198.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
xx.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pembentukan enamel diawali dengan adanya trophoblast yang bergranula
dan akhirnya membentuk …</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dental enamel membran</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tome’s processus</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sementoblas</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dental Papilla</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Neonatal Line</div>
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<br /></div>
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<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 6; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 6;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PILIHLAH SALAH SATU JAWABAN YANG
BENAR DENGAN MENGHITAMKAN ATAU BLOK HURUF A, B, C, D DAN E.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 6;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. Untuk mengukur rasio adenoid
secara tepat dibuat pemotretan di daerah faring dengan proyeksi: <br />
a. Ap dan lateral dengan nilai eksposi normal <br />
b. Cukup AP dengan teknik soft tissue <br />
c. Cukup lateral dengan teknik soft tissue <br />
d. Cukup AP dengan nilai eksposi normal <br />
e. AP dan oblik dengan teknik soft tissue </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 6;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. Berikut ini kurang tepat dalam
pemeriksaan laringografi: <br />
a. Valsava manuever akan memperlihatkan terbukanya glotis <br />
b. Insiprasi secara perlahan-lahan selama eksposi menyebabkan pita suara
abduksi <br />
c. Pemeriksaan laring dapat dibuat dengan media kontras positip <br />
d. Pemeriksaan laring dapat dilakukan dengan media kontras negatif <br />
e. Phonasi selama eksposi menyebabkan pita suara adduksi </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 6;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. Pada hasil foto thoraks, bila
pasien mengalami rotasi dapat terlihat pada gambaran: <br />
a. kurvatura tulang thorakalnya <br />
b. gambaran kedua skapula di kedua lapangan paru <br />
c. sendi sternokiavikular asimetris <br />
d. letak ketinggian klavikulanya <br />
e. gambaran lapangan paru setinggi thorakal X </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 6;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4. Pada pemotretan thorak PA dewasa
bila pasien benar-benar inspirasi penuh ditandai dengan gambaran: <br />
a. Lapangan pam berada setinggi iga 9-10 depan dan iga 7-8 belakang <br />
b. Lapangan paru setinggi iga depan 9-10 dan iga belakang 9-10 <br />
c. Lapangan paru setingi iga depan 7-8 dan iga belakang 7-8 <br />
d. Lapangan paru berada setinggi iga 7-8 depan dan iga 9-10 belakang <br />
e. Lapangan paru berada setinggi thorakal 12 </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 6;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5. Radiograf thoraks yang dilakukan
eksposi setelah ekspirasi berguna untuk menunjukkan: <br />
a. Empyema <br />
b. Efusi pleura <br />
c. Pneumo thoraks <br />
d. Tumor pada paru <br />
e. TBC <br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6. Pada pemotretan thoraks bayi sebaiknya diatur nilai eksposi
dengan: <br />
a. KV rendah, waktu singkat <br />
b. KV rendah, waktu lama <br />
c. KV tinggi , waktu lama <br />
d. MA tinggi, Waktu singkat <br />
e. MA rendah , waktu singkat <br />
7. Yang dimaksud dengan Pemotretan abdomen LLD adalah:<br />
a. Pasien tidur miring sisi kiri tubuh menempel kaset sentasi vertikal tegal
lurus film<br />
b. Pasien supine kaset vertikal disisi kiri pasien sentrasi horisontal tegak
lurus film<br />
c. \Pasien tidur miring sisi kiri pasien menempel meja, film diletakkan vetikal
menempel pungung sentrasi horisontal tegak lurus film<br />
d. Pasien tidur miring sisi kanan pasien menempel film sentrasi vertikal tegak
lurus film<br />
e. Pasien tidur miring sisi kanan pasien menempel meja, film vertikal menempel
punggung sentrasi horisontal tegak lurus film<br />
<br />
8. Pada kasus atresia ani pada bayi baru lahir jika dilakukan pemeriksaan
radiologi menurut saudara proyeksi yang tepat adalah:<br />
a. dibuat abdomen tiga posisi<br />
b. AP dan Lateral pasien supine<br />
c. AP supine dan LLD<br />
d. Dibalik kepala di bawah, AP dan lateral “knee chest”<br />
e. Cukup LLD<br />
</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9. Sudut antara dua garis bantu kepala di bawah ini sebesar
70:<br />
a. antara OML dan glabelomeatal line<br />
b. antara OML dan AML<br />
c. antara IOML dan AML<br />
d. antara IOML dan OML<br />
e. antara IOML dan interpupilary line<br />
<br />
10. Pada proyeksi parieto akantial metode Water’s kepala ekstensi 37 derajat
dengan tujuan:<br />
a. agar sinus maksilaris tampak benar-benar bulat<br />
b. agar nampak batas udara dan cairan<br />
c. agar tulang petrosum tidak superposisi dengan sinus maksilaris<br />
d. agar memudahkan dan mengenakkan pasien<br />
e. agar dalam positioning tidak mengalami kesulitan<br />
<br />
11. Yang dimaksud dengan “double tube angulation” pada metode Law adalah:<br />
a. Tabung mengarah 15 deraj at kaudad dan 15 deraj at ke anterior<br />
b. Dan posisi lateral di rotasi 15 derajat dan sinar 15 derajat sepalad<br />
c. Tabung mengarah 15 derajat sepalad dan 15 derajat ke anterior<br />
d. Penyudutan tabung 15 derajat sepalad 15 derajat ke posterior<br />
e. Tabung mengarah 15 derajat kaudad dan 15 derajat ke posterior Pada
pemotretan <br />
<br />
12. Mandibula dengan proyeksi aksiolateral oblik berguna untuk menunjukkan
gambaran:<br />
a. Prosesus Kondiloideus<br />
b. Korpus mandibula<br />
c. Simpisis menti<br />
d. Jawaban b,c benar<br />
e. Jawaban a,b,c benar<br />
13. Untuk melihat gambaran paru bila tidak memungkinkan dibuat dengan posisi
RAO, posisi berikut yang dapat memberikan gambaran anatomis yang sama adalah:<br />
a. RPO<br />
b. LPO<br />
c. LAO<br />
d.RLD<br />
e. LLD</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 6;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">14. Untuk Proyeksi jantung dan aorta
sentrasi diarahkan tegak lurus pada MSP setinggi:<br />
a. Kolumnas Vertebre Thorakal III<br />
b. Kolumna Vertebre Thorakal IV<br />
c. Kolumna Vertebre Thorakal V<br />
d. Kolumna vertebre Thorakal VI<br />
e. Kolumna Vertebre Thorakal VII<br />
<br />
15. Pemotretan AP Lordotik merupakan proyeksi tambahan dalam pemotretan Thoraks
PA dengan tujuan untuk melihat:<br />
a. Ukuran jantung sebenarnya<br />
b. Membebaskan paru dan gambaran skapula<br />
c. Arkus aorta tampak lebih jelas<br />
d. Gambaran trakhea agar tidak superposisi dengan vertebre<br />
e. Apeks pulmo berada di inferior klavikula<br />
<br />
16. Untuk mengetahui letak lesi intra thoraks secara akurat posisi yang harus
dilakukan adalah:<br />
a. Lateral dekubitus kanan dan kiri<br />
b. AP dan lateral supine<br />
c. PA dan LLD<br />
d. PA dan lateral tegak<br />
e. LAO dan RPO<br />
<br />
17. Tujuan pemotretan abdomen AP supine pada kasus abdomen akut adalah untuk
melihat:<br />
a. distensi atau pelebaran usus<br />
b. distribusi udara bebas dalam perut<br />
c. batas yang jelas antara udara dan cairan dalam perut<br />
d. peradangan usus<br />
e. udara dalam lambung<br />
<br />
18. Untuk Proyeksi jantung dan aorta sentrasi diarahkan tegak lurus pada MSP
setinggi:<br />
A.Kolumnas Vertebre Thorakal III<br />
B.Kolumna Vertebre Thorakal IV<br />
C.Kolumna Vertebre Thorakal V<br />
D.Kolumna vertebre Thorakal VI<br />
E.Kolumna Vertebre Thorakal VII<br />
<br />
19. Pada pemeriksaan abdomen akut dilakukan pemotretan abdomen tiga posisi.
Yang dimaksud abdomen tiga posisi adalah:<br />
A. AP SUPINE, LATERAL DAN LLD<br />
B. AP SUPINE, SETENGAH DUDUK, RLD<br />
C. AP SUPNE, RLD,LLD<br />
D. AP SETENGAH DUDUK, RLD,LLD<br />
E. AP SUPINE, AP STENGAH DUDUK DAN LLD<br />
<br />
20. Untuk memperlihatkan gambaran seluruh foramen magnum dengan proyeksi
anteroposterior sebaiknya penyudutan tabung sebesar:<br />
a. l0 derajat<br />
b. 20 derajat<br />
c. 30 derajat<br />
d. 40 derajat<br />
e. 50 derajat<br />
<br />
21. Proyeksi submentovertikal berguna untuk memperlihatkan gambaran antara
lain:<br />
a. dasar kepala/basis kranii<br />
b. sinus spenoidalis<br />
c. prosesus mastoideus<br />
d. jawaban B dan C benar<br />
e. Jawaban A,B,C benar<br />
<br />
22. Bila terjadi deviasi gambaran foramen optikum ke arah superior atau
inferior disebabkan karena:<br />
a. Sentrasi terlalu ke arah medial<br />
b. Pengaturan sudut MSP kepala terhadap meja tidak tepat<br />
c. Letak kaset terlalu bergeser ke arah superior<br />
d. AML tidak tegak lurus kaset<br />
e. Penyudutan tabung melenceng ke lateral<br />
<br />
23. Proyeksi tersebut di bawah mi untuk melihat foramen optikum , kecuali:<br />
a. Rhese<br />
b. Lysholm<br />
c. Metode Berthel<br />
d. Alexander<br />
e. Metode Pfeiffer<br />
<br />
24. Test Sensitivitas terhadap media kontras dapat dilakukan dengan berbagai
cara Di bawah mi contoh test tersebut kecuali:<br />
a. Menyuntikkan secara IV sejumlah 2 ml media kontras dan tunggu reaksi selama
5 menit<br />
b. Meneteskan sebnyak 2 tetes media kontras pada mata, tunggu reaksinya sampai
2 menit<br />
c. Menyuntikkan sebanyak 1 ml media kontras di bawah kulit lalu tunggu
reaksinya selama 5 menit<br />
d. Meneteskan lodium pada kulit , tutup dengan kssa, plester dan tunggu selama
30 menit perhatikan reaksinya<br />
e. Suntikkan obat anti histamin, lima menit sebelum penyutikkan media kontras,
tunggu, baru suntikkan media kontras sejumlah dosis yang dibutuhkan.<br />
<br />
25. Di bawah mi media kontras yang non ionik water soluble:<br />
a. Urografin 76 %<br />
b. Angiografin<br />
c. lopamiro<br />
d. Telebrix<br />
e. Biligrafin<br />
<br />
26. Syarat yang harus dipenuhi oleh media kontras agar dapat berdaya guna
tinggi dalam menunjang diagnosa adalah sbb:<br />
a. mudah diserap oleh oleh darah<br />
b. tidak menimbulkan iritasi oleh tubuh<br />
c. dalam tubuh tidak merupakan benda asing<br />
d. jawaban B,C benar<br />
e. Jawaban A,B,C benar<br />
<br />
27. Untuk melihat columna vertebra cervical secara fungsional diperoleh dengan
cara:<br />
a. Proyeksi AP/lateral ‘weight bearing’<br />
b. Proyeksi lateral dengan kepala fleksi dan ekatensi<br />
c. Proyeksi AP, ‘bending’ kepala kanan dan kiri<br />
d. Proyeksi oblik dengan pasien supine dan erect<br />
e. Semua jawaban benar<br />
<br />
28. Untuk penderita trauma akut, untuk melihat columna vertebrae cervical,
proyeksi<br />
yang perlama kali dibuat sebaiknya:<br />
a. Proyeksi ‘pillar’<br />
b. AP dengan ‘open mouth’<br />
c. AP dengan menggerakkan rahang bawah (wagging jaw)<br />
d. Proyeksi lateral sinar horisontal<br />
e. Semua jawaban benar<br />
<br />
29. Gambaran secara frontal (frontal view) foramen inter vertebrae kanan pada
vertebra cervical proyeksi yang tepat dengan posisi penderita:<br />
a.RAO<br />
b.RPO <br />
c.LAO<br />
d.LPO<br />
é. AP erect<br />
<br />
30. Sendi apofisial pada columna vertebra thorakal paling tepat ditunjukkan
dengan posisi penderita:<br />
a. Posisi true lateral<br />
b. Posisi oblik rotasi 45° dan posisi supine<br />
c. AP erect<br />
d.. Posisi oblik’axilary plane’ 700 terhadap bidang horisontal<br />
e. Posisi oblik axilary plane’ 700 terhadap bidang vertikal<br />
<br />
31. Metode Twinning (dikenàl dengan Swimmer view) dibuat untuk memperlihatkan<br />
gambaran dan:<br />
a. Sendi atlas dan axis<br />
b. Daerah cervicothoracal<br />
c. Daerah lumbosacral<br />
d. Persendián dorsolumbar<br />
e. Daerah thoracolumbal<br />
<br />
32. Pada penderita lateral recumbent tanpa diganjal dengan spon agar rongga
discus interventebrae pada tulang belakang tampak secara optimal sebaiknya
sentrasi di arahkan:<br />
a. 5-lO°caudad <br />
b. 15-20°cáudad <br />
c. l0-15°sepalad <br />
d. 15-20°sepalad<br />
e. Tegak lurus<br />
<br />
33. Hernia atau ruptur pada discus intervertebrae dapat ditunjukkan secara
radiografi dengan melakukan pemeriksaan:<br />
a. Discografi<br />
b. Myelografi<br />
c. CT Scan<br />
d. Jawaban b,c benar<br />
e. Jawaban a, b, c benar<br />
<br />
34. Pada pemotretan faring, laring, trachea dibuat di daerah leher dengan
posisi lateral<br />
secara soft tissue, dengan titik bidik setinggi, kecuali:<br />
a. Cricoid cartilago<br />
b. Sternal notch<br />
c. Columna vertebrae cervical III<br />
d. Columa vertebrae cervical II<br />
e. Columna vertbrae cervicothoracal<br />
<br />
35. Yang termasuk indikasi foto thorax ‘cito’ adalah, kecuali:<br />
a. Tumor dilapangan pulmo<br />
b. Sesak nafas karena asmà<br />
c. Haemoptoe<br />
d. Komplikasi DSSDHF<br />
e. TBC disertai demam tinggi<br />
<br />
36. Pada pembuatan radiograf thorax bayi, sebaiknya nilai exposi yang dipilih
adalah<br />
a. kV, tinggi, waktu singkat<br />
b. kV rendah, waktu singkat<br />
c. mA besar, waktu singkat<br />
d. Jawaban a dan c benar<br />
C. Jawaban a, b, c benar<br />
<br />
37. Bila pasien mengalami rotasi pada foto thorax dari ‘frontal view’ tampak
gambaran d radiograf berupa:<br />
a. Letak kctinggian clavicula<br />
b. Kurvatura tulang thoracal<br />
c. Adanya gambaran scapula pada lapangan pan <br />
d. Sendi sternoclavicularis asimetris<br />
e. Semua jawaban benar<br />
<br />
38. Radiografi thorax yang dilakukan exposi sebelah expirasi berguna untuk<br />
menunjukkan:<br />
a. Pneumothorax<br />
b. Efusi pleura<br />
c. Fraktur iga<br />
d. Empyema<br />
e. Semua jawaban benar<br />
<br />
39. Posisi manakah yang berguna untuk menampakkan udara bebas dalam rongga<br />
peritoneum (pneumoparietoneum spontan)?<br />
a. Erect<br />
b. Lateral delcubitus<br />
c. Dorsal dekubitus<br />
d. a,b benar<br />
e. a,b,c benar<br />
<br />
40. Bila pasien tidak dapat diposisikan RAO, posisi berikut yang dapat
memberikan informasi anatomis yang sama posisi tersebut pada foto paru adalah<br />
a. RPO b. LPO c. LAO d. LLD<br />
e. Sama saja asal posisi pasien oblik<br />
<br />
41. Untuk mengetahui letak lesi intra thorax secara akurat, posisi yang
dilakukan adalah:<br />
a. LAO, RPO<br />
b. PA dan lateral erect<br />
c. AP dan lateral supine<br />
d. Lateral decubitus kanan kiri<br />
e. PA dan LLD<br />
<br />
42. Untuk proyeksi jantung dan aorta, sentrasi diarahkan tegak lurus pada MSP
setinggi:<br />
a. Columna vertebrae thoracal IV<br />
b. Columna vertebrae thoracal V<br />
c. Columna vertbrae thoracal VI<br />
d. Bukan dari ketiga daerah tersebut<br />
e. Jawaban a, b, c benar<br />
<br />
43. Untuk menampakkan cairan pleura yang jumlahnya sedikit, sebaiknya posisi
pasien<br />
saat pengambilan radiograf adalah:<br />
a. Posisi oblique anterior erect<br />
b. Posisi recumbent dengan daerah yang dicurigai ada diatas dan disinar
horisontal<br />
c. Posisi supine<br />
d. LLD dengan sisi yang dicurigai dekat dengan meja<br />
e. Semua jawaban diatas benar<br />
<br />
44. Foto thorax supine kadang dilakukan khususnya untuk penderita dengan sakit
yang berat maupun pada penderita yang tidak manipu diposisikan erect.
Pernyataan tentang perbandingan pósisi PA erect dan AP supine foto thorax yang
kurang tepat adalah:<br />
a. Pada thorax AP supine organ dalani thorax akan mengalami kompresi <br />
b. ‘Air fluid level’ tidak tampak dengan proyeksi AP supine<br />
c. Pembesaran jantung tampak lebih besar pada proyeksi erect<br />
d. Pada proyeksi AP supine, clavicula tampak posisinya lebih tinggi<br />
e. Semua jawaban diatas benar<br />
<br />
45. Letak gambar apex pulmonum akan tampak terlibat berada di inferior bayangan<br />
clavicula dengan proyeksi sebagai berikut<br />
a. AP lordotik<br />
b. PA axial sinar 100 caudad<br />
c. AP axial sinar 300 sepalad<br />
d. Jawaban a,b,c benar<br />
e. Jawaban a, c benar<br />
<br />
46. Pernyataan yang benar tentang bronchografi adalah:<br />
a. Kontras media dimasukkan dengan kateter dan dikeluarkan dengan batuk<br />
b. Aliran kontras media terbantu dengan posisi tubuh<br />
c. Selama pemeriksaan diberi obat untuk mengurangi reflak agar pasien tidak
batuk<br />
d. Jawaban a,b benar<br />
e. Jawaban a,b,c benar<br />
<br />
47. Proyeksi left lateral decubitus yang benar yaitu dengan membuat posisi
penderita sebagai berikut:<br />
a. Berbaring miring sisi kiri dibawah sisi kanan diatas dengan sinar vertikal<br />
b. Berbaning miring sisi kiri dibawah sisi kanan diatas dengan sinar honsontal<br />
c. Berbaring supine sisi kiri menempel kaset dengan sinar horisontal<br />
d. Berbaring miring sisi kanan dibawah sisi kiri diatas sinar horisontal<br />
e. Ada dua jawabàn yang benar<br />
48. Tujuan menunggu 10- 20 menit baru dilakukan exposi pada pemotretan abdomen<br />
LLD adalah:<br />
a. Menilai udara yang berada dalam usus<br />
b. Menilai ada tidaknya udara bebas yang mendesak dacrah lambung<br />
c. Menilai ada tidaknya udara bebas yang mendesak daerah hepar<br />
d. Memberi waktu agar pasien tenang<br />
e. Semua jawaban diatas benar<br />
<br />
49. Untuk penderita dengan suspek obstruksi ileus, foto yang dibuat yang paling
tepat<br />
adalah:<br />
a. Foto abdomen supine, LLD dan RLD<br />
b. Foto abdomen supine, LLD dan lateral recumbent<br />
c. Foto abdomen tegak, supine dan LLD<br />
d. Foto abdomen tegak, lateral recumbent dan LLD<br />
e. Foto abdomen supine<br />
<br />
50. Kriteria foto BNO polos dibawah ini yang kurang tepat adalah:<br />
a. Batas atas setinggi processus xipoideus batas bawah sympbisis pubis<br />
b. Ada rotasi pasien ditunjukkan dengan processus spinosus tepat ditengah
columna vertebra lumbal<br />
c. Tampak gambaran soft tissue ‘peritoneal fat’<br />
d. Tampak gambaran soft tissue psoasmuscularis<br />
e. Semua jawaban benar</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07603932376022842245noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7997065121951304751.post-35026914259556395542013-01-01T19:06:00.001-08:002013-01-01T19:06:34.450-08:00soal latian dari blog lain<!--[if !mso]>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">JAWABLAH DENGAN URAIAN YANG BENAR DAN JELAS !</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Produksi
Sinar-X :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<ol start="1" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jelaskan proses produksi Sinar-X <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bremstrahlung</i> dan Sinar-X
Karakteristik secara benar ! (6 poin)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebutkan 10 sifat Sinar-X ! (4 poin)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Interaksi
photon dengan bahan :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
<ol start="2" type="1"><ol start="1" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jelaskan dengan disertai gambar secara skematik 6
(enam) proses interaksi photon dengan bahan ! (6 poin)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jenis interaksi mana yang kemungkinannya paling
banyak terjadi dalam rentang energi diagnostik ? mengapa demikian! (4
poin)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hitunglah
panjang gelombang dan frekuensi suatu berkas foton :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
<ol start="3" type="1"><ol start="1" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pada Energi = 30 KeV (4 poin)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pada Energi = 90 KeV (4 poin)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">apa yang dapat disimpulkan dari hasil hitungan
Saudara ? (2 poin)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (<i>h = 6.61 x 10<sup>-34</sup> jolules.sec, 1 ev = 1.6 x 10<sup>-19</sup>
joules</i>)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 4. Pada pemakaian faktor eksposi 70kV 15mAs
dan 25kV 3mAs:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> a. hitunglah perkiraan kecepatan elektron
proyektil menumbuk target pada pemakaian </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> faktor eksposi
diatas! (3 poin)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
b. sebutkan dan
jelaskan faktor yang mempengaruhi kecepatan elektron proyektil ! (5 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
poin)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
c. Apakah
pemakaian faktor eksposi di atas dapat digunakan untuk
pemeriksaan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
radiografi kepala ?
Mengapa demikian ? (2 poin)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
(m<sub>e</sub>
= 9 x 10<sup>-31</sup> kg, c = 3 x 10<sup>8</sup> m/s)</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><img height="2" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\ivan\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="401" /></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Monotype Corsiva"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tidak pernah ada
kesulitan, kalau ada kemauan berfikir</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I. PILIHLAH
SALAH SATU JAWABAN YANG PALING BENAR DI BAWAH INI !</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
(Bobot : 5 poin)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Radiasi :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
<br /><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pancaran
radiasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><br />
<br /><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pancaran energi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><br />
<br /><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terjadi karena
proses konduksi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><br />
<br /><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terjadi karena
proses konveksi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><br />
<br /><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hanya terjadi
bila ada tegangan tinggi (kV)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><br />
<ol start="2" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sinar-X :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<ol start="1" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">terpengaruh
oleh medan gravitasi bumi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dapat
dideteksi dengan panca indera manusia</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">bersifat
divergen</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dengan energi
rendah mampu menembus semua bahan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">memiliki
panjang gelombang lebih pendek dari cahaya tampak</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Probabilitas
paling dominan untuk rentang energi diagnostik dalam proses interaksi
antara energi foton Sinar-X dengan materi :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
<ol start="3" type="1"><ol start="1" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rayleigh Scattering dan Photoelectric Scattering </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Photoelectric Scatering</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Compton Scattering dan Photoelectric Scattering</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Efek Fotolistrik dan Hamburan Compton</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rayleigh Scattering dan Compton Scattering</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak
termasuk peristiwa yang terjadi pada Compton Scattering :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
<ol start="4" type="1"><ol start="1" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">energi foton datang menumbuk elektron atom pada
kulit terluar</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">energi foton datang sebagian berubah menjadi energi
kinetik elektron dan sebagian lagi menjadi energi elektron hambur</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dapat terjadi pada energi 100 KeV</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dihasilkan panjang gelombang lebih panjang dari
energi foton datang</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dapat terjadi proses ionisasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Photoelectric,
kemungkinan terjadi sebanding dengan :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
<ol start="5" type="1"><ol start="1" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Z</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Z<sup>2</sup></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Z<sup>3</sup></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Z<sup>4</sup></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Z<sup>5</sup></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pernyataan
benar :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
<ol start="6" type="1"><ol start="1" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sinar-X <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bremstrahlung</i>
terjadi akibat penyerapan energi foton datang oleh elektron orbit paling
dalam dari suatu atom bahan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sinar-X karakteristik terjadi akibat perpindahan
elektron kulit lebih dalam menuju kulit lebih luar sambil memancarkan
energi karakteristik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pada peristiwa Rayleigh Scattering terjadi
penyerapan energi foton datang oleh elektron terluar dari atom
bahan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sinar-X dapat menimbulkan efek biologis akibat
perpindahan energi radiasi ke dalam atom sel tubuh melalui proses
hamburan dan penyerapan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pada penggunaan energi 80 kVp maka spektrum diskrit
energi Sinar-X adalah dari 0 kVp sampai 80 kVp</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
</ol>
<ol start="7" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pernyataan
salah :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<ol start="1" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">foton Sinar-X terdiri dari Sinar-X <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bremstrahlung</i> dan Sinar-X
karakteristik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sinar-X mempunyai energi lebih rendah daripada
Sinar Gamma, oleh karena itu Sinar Gamma tidak digunakan dalam
radiodiagnostik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">semakin besar frekuensi suatu foton maka energinya
semakin besar</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">fotolistrik dapat terjadi dalam Tabung Katoda</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sinar-X dalam radioterapi digunakan untuk tujuan
diagnosa suatu penyakit </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Energi
foton Sinar-X :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
<ol start="8" type="1"><ol start="1" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">berbanding lurus dengan tetapan Planck</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">berbanding lurus dengan panjang gelombang Sinar-X</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">berbanding terbalik dengan frekuensi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pada energi rendah akan menimbulkan banyak hamburan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pada rentang energi diagnostik akan diserap total
oleh elektron atom bahan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fokus
aktual - Focusing cup, terdapat pada ;</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
<ol start="9" type="1"><ol start="1" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">katoda - katoda</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">katoda - anoda</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">anoda - anoda</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">anoda - katoda</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">rotor anoda</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fokus
Efektif :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
<ol start="10" type="1"><ol start="1" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">terdapat pada katoda</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">terdapat pada kontrol panel</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">berhubungan dengan kemiringan sudut anoda</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">berhubungan dengan High Tension Transformator (HTT)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">daerah tumbukan elektron</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fokus
Aktual : </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
<ol start="11" type="1"><ol start="1" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">terdapat pada katoda</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">terdapat pada kontrol panel</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">berhubungan dengan kemiringan sudut anoda</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">berhubungan dengan High Tension Transformator (HTT)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">daerah tumbukan elektron</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rayleigh
Scattering :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
<ol start="12" type="1"><ol start="1" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo15; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">proses terjadinya sama dengan efek Compton</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo15; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">terjadi karena energi ikat elektron yang sangat
lemah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo15; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">energi foton datang diserap total oleh elektron
atom bahan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo15; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">terjadi hamburan energi foton datang</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo15; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">probabilitas ditentukan oleh medan elektrostatis
inti </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo15; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sinar-X karakteristik
:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
<ol start="13" type="1"><ol start="1" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mempunyai energi lebih rendah dibanding Sinar-X <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bremstrahlung</i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">terjadi terus menerus selama proses produksi
Sinar-X</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">terjadi karena perpindahan/transisi elektron</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">terjadi karena elektron proyektil dibelokan oleh
medan inti tanpa terjadi tumbukan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">terjadi pada pemakaian minimal 70 kV</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sinar-X <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bremstrahlung</i> :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
<ol start="14" type="1"><ol start="1" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mempunyai energi lebih rendah dibanding Sinar-X
karakteristik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">terjadi terus menerus selama proses produksi
Sinar-X</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">terjadi karena perpindahan/transisi elektron</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">terjadi karena elektron proyektil dibelokan oleh
elektron target dan terjadi tumbukan dengan elektron target</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">terjadi pada pemakaian minimal 70 kV</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Disipasi
(hilang) panas karena produksi Sinar-X dapat melewati minyak dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tube housing </i> dan rotor anoda,
prosesnya : </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
<ol start="15" type="1"><ol start="1" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo18; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">radiasi dan konveksi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo18; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">konveksi dan radiasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo18; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">konveksi dan konduksi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo18; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">konduksi dan konveksi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo18; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">konduksi dan radiasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
</ol>
<ol start="16" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo19; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Koefisien
Atenuasi Linier (KAL) </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">µ</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<ol start="1" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo19; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">nilainya tidak terpengaruh oleh energi photon yang
mengenai bahan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo19; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">nilainya hanya tergantung dengan ketebalan bahan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo19; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">nilainya sama untuk semua bahan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo19; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">nilainya terpengaruh oleh energi photon dan
ketebalan bahan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo19; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">nilainya hanya terpengaruh oleh energi photon yang
mengenai bahan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo19; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Intensitas
energi Sinar-X yang melewati bahan ;</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
<ol start="17" type="1"><ol start="1" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo20; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">nilainya selalu lebih besar dari intensitas sebelum
melewati bahan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo20; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">nilainya terpengaruh oleh nomor atom Sinar-X,
densitas bahan dan ketebalan bahan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo20; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">nilainya terpengaruh oleh nomor atom Sinar-X,
densitas film serta ketebalan bahan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo20; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">nilainya terpengaruh oleh nomor atom bahan,
densitas bahan dan ketebalan bahan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo20; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">nilainya terpengaruh oleh nomor atom bahan,
densitas film dan ketebalan bahan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo20; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pernyataan
benar :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
<ol start="18" type="1"><ol start="1" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo21; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pada energi radiasi yang sama, nilai KAL (</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">µ) </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tulang
selalu lebih besar daripada nilai KAL (</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">µ) </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">jaringan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo21; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pada energi radiasi yang sama, nilai KAL (</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">µ) </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tulang
selalu lebih kecil daripada nilai KAL (</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">µ) </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">jaringan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo21; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pada energi radiasi yang sama, nilai KAL (</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">µ) </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tulang
sangat didominanasi oleh efek photolistrik dan efek Compton</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo21; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pada energi radiasi yang sama, nilai KAL (</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">µ) </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">jaringan
sangat didominasi oleh efek photolistrik dan efek Compton</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo21; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pada energi radiasi yang sama, nilai KAL (</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">µ) </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tulang
dan jaringan selalu sama</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo21; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pernyataan
benar :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
<ol start="19" type="1"><ol start="1" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo22; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">grid akan menghilangkan/menyerap semua radiasi
hambur yang akan mencapai film, karena fungsi grid adalah untuk menyerap
radiasi hambur</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo22; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">grid menghilangkan/menyerap radiasi hambur dan
melewatkan semua Sinar-X primer menuju film sehingga kontras radiografi
menjadi tinggi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo22; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pada pembentukan citra radiografi, jumlah photon
radiasi hambur lebih sedikit dibandingkan jumlah photon Sinar-X primer,
rasionya dapat mencapai 8 : 1</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo22; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Air Gap Technique akan mengurangi radiasi hambur
yang mencapai film dengan cara menambah jarak/gap antara obyek dengan
fokus, sehingga intensitas radiasi Sinar-X akan mengalami atenuasi oleh
udara dan kontras radiografi menjadi tinggi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo22; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pada semua pemeriksaan radiografi, nilai kontras
radiasi selalu lebih rendah dibandingkan kontras radiografi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo22; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pernyataan
benar :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
<ol start="20" type="1"><ol start="1" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo23; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">faktor eksposi akan lebih besar, ketika menggunakan
crossed grid daripada ketika menggunakan linier grid, karena konstruksinya
berbeda</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo23; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">penggunaan kV Tinggi akan menambah kontras
radiografi dan mengurangi dosis pasien karena intensitas Sinar-X lebih
banyak yang ditransmisikan/dilewatkan oleh organ daripada ketika
menggunakan kV rendah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo23; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dengan menaikkan OFD dan FFD dari ukuran semula
maka akan terjadi makroradiografi, karena terjadi pembesaran gambaran
dari ukuran obyek sebenarnya </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo23; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">bagian belakang kaset terbuat dari materi bernomor
atom tinggi agar terjadi efek fotolistrik ketika radiasi yang melewati
screen mengenaninya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo23; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">penggunaan intensifying screen jenis low speed
(fine) akan menambah ketajaman citra radiografi dibandingkan dengan
intensifying screen jenis fast speed (rapid), sehingga intensifying
screen jenis low speed hanya membutuhkan sedikit faktor eksposi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">II. JAWABLAH DENGAN URAIAN YANG BENAR DAN JELAS !</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo24; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Produksi
Sinar-X : (3 poin)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<ol start="1" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo24; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jelaskan proses produksi Sinar-X <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bremstrahlung</i> dan Sinar-X
Karakteristik secara benar ! (2 poin)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo24; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebutkan 10 (sepuluh) sifat Sinar-X ! (1 poin)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo24; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Interaksi
photon dengan bahan : (4 poin)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
<ol start="2" type="1"><ol start="1" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo25; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jelaskan <u>secara singkat</u> dengan disertai
gambar secara skematik 6 (enam) proses interaksi photon dengan bahan ! (2
poin)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo25; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jenis interaksi mana yang kemungkinannya paling
banyak terjadi dalam rentang energi diagnostik ? Mengapa demikian! (2
poin)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo25; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hitunglah
panjang gelombang dan frekuensi suatu berkas foton : (4 poin)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
<ol start="3" type="1"><ol start="1" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo26; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada Energi = 30 KeV (1.5 poin)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo26; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada Energi = 90 KeV (1.5 poin)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo26; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apa yang dapat disimpulkan dari hasil hitungan
Saudara ? (1 poin)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (<i>h = 6.61 x 10<sup>-34</sup>
jolules.sec, 1 ev = 1.6 x 10<sup>-19</sup> joules</i>)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<ol start="4" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo27; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada
pemakaian faktor eksposi 70 kV 15 mAs : (4 poin)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> a. Hitunglah perkiraan kecepatan elektron
proyektil menumbuk target pada pemakaian </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> faktor eksposi
diatas! (1.5 poin)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
b. Sebutkan
dan jelaskan <u>beberapa faktor</u> yang mempengaruhi
kecepatan elektron </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
proyektil ! (1.5 poin)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
c. Apakah
faktor eksposi di atas dapat digunakan
untuk pemeriksaan radiografi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
kepala ? Mengapa demikian ? (1 poin)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
(m<sub>e</sub> = 9 x 10<sup>-31</sup> kg, c = 3 x 10<sup>8</sup>
m/s)</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="5" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo28; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Citra
Radiografi : (7 poin)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> a.
Buktikan dengan rumus, bahwa citra radiografi memiliki kontras ;</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">C = γ 0.43 (μ<sub>1</sub>x<sub>1 </sub>-
μ<sub>1</sub>x<sub>1</sub>) </i> (5 poin)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
b. Gambarkan secara
skematik proses terjadinya citra radiografi disertai
keterangan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
yang jelas ! (2 poin)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 6. Grid (5 poin)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Grid A : tinggi
lempengan Pb = 0.8 mm, tebal lempengan Pb =
0.03 mm, jarak antar </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
lempengan Pb = 0.1 mm</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Grid B :
tinggi lempengan Pb = 0.10 mm, tebal lempengan Pb
= 0.03 mm, jarak antar </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
lempengan Pb = 0.2 mm</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
a. Hitunglah ratio
Grid A dan Grid B, frekuensi Grid A dan Grid B, Sinar-X
primer </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
terserap oleh Grid A dan Grid B,
radiasi hambur mencapai film antara Grid A dan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Grid B ! (3 poin)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
b. Dari kalkulasi Grid A dan Grid B, apa yang dapat
Saudara simpulkan ? (2 poin)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 7. Ketidaktajaman (Unsharpness) citra
radiografi : (5 poin)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
a. Sebutkan dan jelaskan serta tuliskan rumusnya
jenis-jenis ketidaktajaman </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
(unsharpness) dalam citra radiografi ! (3 poin)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
b. Tuliskan rumus ketidaktajaman (unsharpness) total ! (1 poin)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
c. Bila semua faktor sama. Bandingkan kontras dan
ketajaman antara citra radiografi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
tanpa intensifying screen dan dengan menggunakan intensifying screen ! mengapa
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
demikian ! (1 poin)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 8. Makroradiografi (3 poin)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
a. Sebutkan dan jelaskan faktor yang
mempengaruhi terjadinya Makroradiografi !
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
(1 poin)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
b. Pada suatu pemeriksaan radiografi (tanpa distorsi)
menggunakan FFD = 100 cm, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
OFD = 30 cm. Bila panjang obyek sebenarnya adalah 10 cm. Berapakah panjang
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
obyek dalam citra radiografi ! (2 poin)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 9. Bahan jenis apakah yang digunakan
untuk Anoda X-Ray Mammography Unit ? Jelaskan!</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07603932376022842245noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7997065121951304751.post-43684742182549338282013-01-01T18:56:00.001-08:002013-01-01T18:56:33.138-08:00Judul KTI ini dapat menjadi pedoman bagi anda calon radiografer :<br />
<br />
<ol style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">
<li>Perbandingan Hasil Gambaran Os Pedis dengan CR 0 , 5 , 10 dan 15 menuju Tumit untuk </li>
<li>Sistem Pengambilan Kaset Secara Otomatis pada Box Film</li>
<li>Penggunaan Saklar Sebagai Pengaman Box Film dengan Mengatur Hidup Matinya Lampu pada kamar Gelap</li>
<li>Pemeriksaan Urethrocystogram bipolar</li>
<li>Perbedaan BNO-IVP menggunakan kompresi dengan yang tidak</li>
<li>Pemeriksaan Mictuaring Cystouretrografi</li>
<li>Viewing Box Otomatis Menggunakan Detektor Optocoupler</li>
<li>Peringatan Tanda Bahaya Radiasi pada Pesawat Panoramik dengan Menggunakan Lampu Indikator dan Suara</li>
<li>Penerapan Teori Anoda Heel Efect pada Pemeriksaan Vertebrae Thorakal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>√</li>
<li>Uji Kualitas 3 (tiga) merek Film Yang Berbeda yang Massa Eksposure date nya tinggal 1 (satu) Bulan Terhadap Densitas</li>
<li>Uji Cut Off Grid yang Berbeda Ratio pada Pemeriksaan Kepala.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>√</li>
<li>Pembuatan Alat Pengering (Dryeng) Film Processing Manual dengan Penambahan Timer Otomatis.</li>
<li>Perbandingan Densitas Gambaran dengan Menggunakan Developer air dan Bubuk</li>
<li>Perbandingan QA dan QC kamar Gelap pada dua Rumah Sakit yang berbeda.</li>
<li>Perbandingan Gambaran pada Foto Cranium dengan Menggunakan Film Yang Berbeda Merek</li>
<li>Perbandingan Teknik Pemeriksaan Mandibula AP dengan Mandibula Proyeksi PA</li>
<li>Teknik Cross Table pada Kasus Trauma Suspect Fraktur pada Daerah Genu</li>
<li>Pengaruh Haemoglobin (HB) pada Pemeriksaan CT-Scan Abdomen</li>
<li>Perbandingan Teknik Pemeriksaan Pedis AP dengan Axial 15 Supero Inferior<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>√</li>
<li>Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kontras Film pada Automatik Processing</li>
<li>Analisa Pengaruh Oksidasi Udara Terhadap Cairan Developer</li>
<li>Perbandingan Gambaran pada Foto Genu Posisi AP dengan Posisi AP
Weight-Bearing Bilateral pada Pasien dengan Kasusu OsteoArthritis</li>
<li>Analisis Pergeseran Gambaran pada Pemeriksaan dengan Penyudutan 15 , 30, 45 √ (fdlan)</li>
<li>Terjadinya Shortening (Shortngasi) pada Pemeriksaan Dental √</li>
<li>Perbandingan Efektifitas Stationary Grid (Lysolm) dengan Moving Grid
pada Pemeriksaan Abdomen dengan Menggunakan Rasio Grid yang Sama</li>
<li>Perbandingan Hasil Gambaran yang lebih Bagus pada Pemeriksaan TMJ pada Posisi Caudal dan Cranial </li>
<li>Alat Bantu yang Bisa Mempermudah Memposisikan pada Pemeriksaan BNO Setengah Duduk. </li>
<li>Perbedaan Foto Gleno Humerol Joint pada Posisi AP dan Oblique dengan Arah Sinar di Sudutkan dan Horizontal.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></li>
<li>Perbandingan Pemeriksaan Orbita dengan Teknik AP-Oblique dan PA-Oblique<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></li>
<li>Perbandingan Foto Pelvis dengan Sinar Inlet dan Outlet dengan Penyudutan</li>
<li>Survey Penjaminan Mutu dan Kendali Mutu Kolimator Pesawat Radiologi Di RSI Siti Rahmah Padang </li>
<li>Perbedaan Gambaran Radiographi Sternum dengan Proyeksi PA-Oblique pada Variasi Rotasi tubuh 15 , 20 , 30 , 40 derjat</li>
<li>Perbedaan Gambaran Radiographi pada Dental Incivus atas dengan Penyudutan 20<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>, dan 40<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>derjat Caudali</li>
<li>Perbedaan Hasil Vertebrae Lumbalis Posisi Recumbent dan Erect dengan Klinis LBP</li>
<li>Perbedaan Pemilihan Besar Sudut Central Ray 15 , 20 , 25 , dan 30
derjat pada Pelaksanaan Teknik radiographi Persendian Mandibula (TMJ)</li>
<li>Perbandingan Radiograph Mastoid Metode Hensen, Schuler, dan Lysbiolm</li>
<li>Perbandingan Shoulder Joint Axial Infero Superior dengan Supero Inferior</li>
<li>Perbandingan Radiographi Pemeriksaan Appendicogram antara Proyeksi AP, PA, dan Oblique</li>
<li>Pengukuran Paparan Radiasi yang Diterima Petugas pada Ruang Kontrol Instalasi Radiologi di RS-X dengan Surveymeter</li>
<li>Teknik Magnifikasi pada Os Carpalia </li>
<li>Perbandingan Hasil Gambaran Acromio Clavicula Joint dengan Menggunakan Beban 3 Kg Dibandingkan dengan Proyeksi AP Tanpa Beban</li>
<li>Kualitas Gambaran yang Terbaik dari Variasi OFD pada Pemeriksaan Sella Tursica Magnifikasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>√</li>
<li>Perbandingan Hasil Gambaran Water's dengan Menggunakan Proyeksi PA Erect dan Proyeksi Prone dengan Variasi Arah Sinar </li>
<li>Teknik Pemeriksaan Radioterapi Eksternal pada Pasien Carsinoma Nasopharynk dengan Menggunakan Pesawat Terapi Kobalt 60. </li>
<li>Perbandingan Densitas Gambaran dengan Menggunakan 2 (dua) merek Developer yang Berbeda dan Menggunakan Kaset dan Film Yang Sama<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></li>
<li>Pembuatan Safelight 2 (dua) Fungsi Pada Kamar Gelap</li>
<li>Hanger Semi Otomatis Untuk Prosesing Manual</li>
<li>Perbedaan Effusi Pleura Pada Thorax dengan RLD dan LLD </li>
<li>Bucky Stand untuk Thorax Anak dengan Memodivikasi Agar Tidak Terkena
Radiasi Hambur Orang Tua nya dengan Mengikat Tubuh Anak Tersebut.</li>
<li>Perbandingan Foto Angkle Joint Biasa dengan Angkle Joint Mortesque.</li>
<li>Viewing Box Menu Da Roller </li>
<li>Perbandingan Foto Abdomen dengan Menggunakan Lisolm dan Bucky dengan Menggunakan kV dan mAS yang Sama</li>
<li>Perbandingan Radiograph Sinus Paranasalis Antara Proyeksi PA Water's dengan Proyeksi PA Water's Open Mouth </li>
<li>Perbandingan Radiographer Subtalar Joint Proyeksi AP Axial Oblique
Metode Bronden denga Penyudutan 10, 20, 30 dan 40 Derajat Cranialy </li>
<li>Perbandingan Radiograph Glenohumeral Joint Antara Proyeksi AP dengan
Proyeksi Oblique Menggunakan Penyudutan 10 Derajat Cranialy </li>
<li>Pengaruh Kondisi Terhadap Film Double Emulsi dan Film Single Emulsi Untuk Mendapatkan Densitas yang Sama</li>
<li>Uji Antara Faktor Eksposi (kV) dan Pencucian Manual (Time) Untuk Menghasilkan Densitas yang Sama</li>
<li>Pembuatan Alat Duplikat Film </li>
<li>Perbandingan hasil gambaran MRI Kepala T1 dan T2 </li>
<li>Pengaruh Kondisi Terhadap Kaset yang Mamakai Grid dan Kaset yang tidak Menggunakan Grid untuk Menghasilkan Densitas yang Sama</li>
<li>Pengembangan Sistem Managemen Keselamatan Radiasi dan Pengendalian Bahan Kimia pada Radiodiagnostik.</li>
<li>Pengetahuan Radiasi yang Mengenai Mata pada Pemeriksaan Cranium dengan Menggunakan TLD</li>
<li>Analisis Penyebaran Tumor Ganas Ditulang Melalui Diagnostik dan Terapi</li>
<li>Analisis Pemanfaatan Data Pemeriksaan radiodiagnostik untuk Perencanaan Pelayanan Radiologi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></li>
<li>Pemahaman Proteksi Radiasi Bagi Organ Tubuh dalam Bidang Diagnostik </li>
<li>Paparan Radiasi Yang Diterima Mata Dan Thyroid Pasien Dibagian Mamography RS </li>
<li>Alat Pengering Foto (Film) dengan Cara Menggunakan Panas Lampu </li>
<li>Alat Penjerat Grid terhadap Kaset </li>
<li>Alat Fiksasi untuk Pengambilan Foto Rontgen Mastoid dan TMJ </li>
<li>Perbandingan Foto Rontgen Pedis Oblique Medial dengan Oblique Lateral</li>
<li>Perbandingan Developer Bubuk dengan Developer Cair</li>
<li>Perbandingan Gambaran Abdomen dengan Menggunakan Grid yang Berbeda ratio</li>
<li>Perbandingan Densitas Gambaran dengan Menggunakan Developer yang Berbeda Merk</li>
<li>Pembuatan Kunci-kunci Otomatis pada Pintu Ruangan Pemeriksaan Saat Ekspose</li>
<li>Perbedaan Foto Sendi Bahu AP dan Oblique dengan Teknik Penyudutan dan Horizontal pada Space Articulatio </li>
<li>Dampak Kegagalan Foto atau Foto Diulang Kembali Terhadap Pasien </li>
<li>Fungsi CT-Scan Brain dengan Menggunakan Kontras Media dalam Menegakkan Diagnosa pada Pasien IO<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></li>
<li>Besaran Radiasi Hambur yang diterima Keluarga Pasien pada Ruang Pemeriksaan Thorak di RS</li>
<li>Perbandingan Hasil Radiograph pada Pemeriksaan Appendikogram antara Posisi Prone dengan Posisi Supine</li>
<li>Perbedaan Respon Film Green Sensitif Merek Agfa, Fuji, Kodak dalam Menghasilkan Diagnosa.</li>
<li>Perbandingan Gambaran Foto Clavicula Proyeksi Top Lordotik dan Tangensial Metode Tarrant </li>
<li>Uji Coba Pencucian Film Agfa dengan Jenis Cairan Processing Developer + Fixer Fuji </li>
<li>Pengukuran Radiasi yang Diterima Keluarga pasien Disaat Memegang Pasien dengan TLD</li>
<li>Pengukuran Radiasi Hambur yang Diterima Petugas Rontgen RS.M.Djamil saat Pemeriksaan Dental<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></li>
<li>Pengukuran Radiasi pada Kamar Gelap di Laboratorium ATRO</li>
<li>Uji Coba Penggunaan Kaset dengan Speed 200 dan Film dengan Speed 400</li>
<li>Densitas Foto Perbandingan Genu AP Supine dan AP Erect pada Kasus Penyempitan Articulatio Genu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></li>
<li>Perbandingan Hasil Gambaran Rontgen BNO-IVP 5 menit Post Injeksi yang Menggunakan Kompresi Band dan yang Tidak Menggunakan</li>
<li>Pengukuran Paparan Radiasi yang Diterima Masyarakat di Depan Ruang Tunggu Pemeriksaan Konvensional di RS</li>
<li>Perbandingan Penggunaan Variasi kV dan mAS pada Pemeriksaan Ossa Cruris antara Gips Kering dan Gips Basah.</li>
<li>Uji Speed Film antara Film yang Menggunakan Screen dan Non Screen</li>
<li>Perbandingan Densitas Hasil Radiograph dari Developer Merek Agfa, Fuji, dan Kodak </li>
<li>Perbandingan Hasil Radiograph dari Hasil Pemeriksaan dengan Menggunakan Grid Ratio Tinggi dan Grid Ratio Rendah</li>
<li>Efektifitas Pemeriksaan Abdomen Lateral dengan Sinar Horizontal dalam Mendiagnosa Ileus Bayi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></li>
<li>Perbandingan Hasil Radiograph yang Menggunakan Lysolm dan Moving Grid dengan Densitas yang Sama</li>
<li>Perawatan Ruang Kamar Gelap</li>
<li>Pengaruh Jarak Safelight terhadap Film di Dalam Kamar Gelap </li>
<li>Perbandingan Gambaran Cervikal 1 (satu) dengan Penyudutan 100, 20, 30 Derjat</li>
<li>Perbedaan Gambaran Foto Abdomen pada Objek yang Tebal dengan Menggunakan Jarak yang Berbeda dan Variasi kV dan mAS yang Berbeda</li>
<li>Perbandingan Densitas Foto Cranium dengan Merk Film dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cairan yang Berbeda</li>
<li>Alat Bantu untuk Penyangga Kepala pada Pasien yang Tidak Kooperatif pada Pemeriksaan Cranium</li>
<li>Perbandingan Pemeriksaan Program Skoliosis antara Posisi Supine dan Erect<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>√</li>
<li>Kegunaan Pemeriksaan Bone Survey pada Kasus Metastase </li>
<li>Teknik Pemeriksaan USG pada Kasus Ca Ovarium</li>
<li>Pengaruh Peletakan Grid Horizontal Dan Vertikal Terhadap Densitas Yang Dihasilkan</li>
<li>Analisa Pemanfaatan Data Pemeriksaan Radiodaignostik di Perencanaan Pelayanan radiologi</li>
<li>Penatalaksanaan CT Abdomen dengan Menggunakan Kontras Anal pada Kasus Tumor Rektum.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></li>
<li>Perbandingan Tingkat Pengukuran Kehitaman Antara Moving Grid dengan Lisolm</li>
<li>Pengaruh Penggunaan Kombinasi mAS terhadap Densitas dari gambaran Radiograph</li>
<li>Uji Teori tentang Hubungan kV dan mAS terhadap Gambaran Radiograph<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(tapi arahnya tak jelas)</li>
<li>Pengaruh Suhu Kamar Gelap pada Film Terhadap Kualitas Gambaran Radiograph</li>
<li>Teknik Merubah Hasil Gambaran Film Radiographi Menjadi Gambaran Fotographi. </li>
<li>Perbandingan Efektifitas Pemeriksaan Lumbal pada Posisi Erect (berdiri) dengan Posisi Supine pada Pasien Skoleosis dengan HNP</li>
<li>Besaran Radiasi Hambur yang Diterima oleh Mammae Pada Pasien Wanita dalam Pemeriksaan IVP</li>
<li>Besaran Radiasi Hambur yang Diterima oleh Mata pada Pemeriksaan Dental</li>
<li>Pengaruh Campuran Komponen Zat Pewarna dan Zat Perasa pada Barium
terhadap Penggunaan Bahan Kontras dalam Pemeriksaan Apendicogram</li>
<li>Pengukuran Radiasi Yang Diterima Petugas/Radiographer pada Kontrol Table di CT Scan RSI Siti Rahmah.</li>
<li>Pengukuran Dosis Radiasi yang Diterima Anak-Anak pada Pemeriksaan Thorax AP dan Lateral</li>
<li>Pengukuran Radiasi Hambur pada Ruangan Pemeriksaan IGD Radiologi M.Djamil</li>
<li>Pengukuran Radiasi yang Diterima Petugas pada Tombol Ekspose di Ruangan Dental RS.M.Djamil</li>
<li>Perbandingan Kualitas Foto BNO dengan Menggunakan Lysolm dan Grid Pada Bucky</li>
<li>Pembuatan Alat Fiksasi Pemeriksaan Mastoid</li>
<li>Pemakaian Alat Pada Pemeriksaan Cruris Dewasa dan Anak-anak dalam keadaan Fraktur</li>
<li>Perbandingan Pemeriksaan Apendicogram pada Jarak : 10 jam, 24 jam, dan 48 jam</li>
<li>Perbedaan Pelaksanaan Barium Enema Melalui Irigator dan Injeksi 50 cc </li>
<li>Pembuatan Alat Pengaman Cervical dalam Keadaan Fraktur</li>
<li>Perbandingan Densitas Pada Pemeriksaan Thorax dengan Menggunakan kV Sama, mAS yang Berbeda dengan Menggunakan CR</li>
<li>Teknik Pemeriksaan Malleolus Lateralis dengan Posisi Endorotasi 350 </li>
<li>Pengaruh Densitas Gambaran pada Perbedaan Komposisi Cairan Developer Agfa dan Fixer Fuji<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></li>
<li>Perbandingan Hight kV Teknik dengan kV Standar Terhadap Nilai Ekspose Indeks Pada Pemeriksaan Thorax dengan Menggunakan CR<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></li>
<li>Perbandingan Cairan pada Pemeriksaan Dental dengan Pencucian Secara Injeksi dengan Processing Biasa.</li>
<li>Jarak Aman Petugas Radiologi dalam Melakukan Pemeriksaan Dental Oral</li>
<li>Perbandingan Radiasi Yang Diterima Pasien dengan Menggunakan Grid atau Tanpa Grid pada Densitas yang Sama</li>
<li>Perbandingan Pemeriksaan Sella Tursica antara Objek Menempel dengan Magnifikasi</li>
<li>Prospek Masa Depan dengan Teleradiographi</li>
<li>Pemeriksaan CT-Scan Brain pada Kasus Tumor Ekstra Cranial<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></li>
<li>Minimize Portable ID Printer </li>
<li>Pemotretan Foto Kepala pada Pasien Contusio Cerebri Tanpa Merotasikan Kepala</li>
<li>Teknik Makroradiographi pada Pemeriksaan Ekstremitas dengan Curiga Fisura<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>√</li>
<li>Standar Ruangan Pemeriksaan Radiologi pada Rumah Sakit Tipe-C</li>
<li>Pemeriksaan Lumbal Oblique pada Kasus HNP</li>
<li>Magnifikasi pada Sella Tursica</li>
<li>Bone Age (Perbandingan Umur Tulang pada Anak Umur ± 5 Thn dengan Umur ± 7 Thn</li>
<li>Pemeriksaan Oesephagus dengan Sangkaan Tumor<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>√</li>
<li>Pemeriksaan Abdomen dengan Sangkaan Hidroneprosis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>√</li>
<li>Perbandingan Gambaran Radiographi Pneumo Thorax dengan Thorax Normal</li>
<li>Pengaruh PH Cairan Lama dengan Cairan Baru Terhadap Densitas Radiograph yang Dihasilkan dengan Menggunakan Densitometer<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>√</li>
<li>Menguji Kebocoran Kamar Gelap Terhadap Cahaya Tampak di Rumah Sakit</li>
<li>Perbedaan Foto Thorax Supine dan Erect<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>√( arahnya kemana?)</li>
<li>Pengaruh Perbedaan Filter Safelight Warna Merah dan Orange terhadap Densitas Film</li>
<li>Teknik Perbandingan Foto Lordotik pada Pasien dengan Pengaturan Posisi Pasien dan Penyudutan</li>
<li> Fungsi IVP CT Abdomen dalam Menegakkan Diagnosa pada Kasus Tumor Ginjal di RS </li>
<li>Perbedaan Hasil Gambaran dengan Menggunakan Film Single Emulsi dan Double Emulsi </li>
<li>Pengaruh Kenaikan Suhu Developer Terhadap Kualitas Gambaran Radiografi</li>
<li>Penatalaksanaan Pemeriksaan BNO-IVP dengan Kompresi dan Tanpa
Kompresi pada Kasus Nephrolithiasis.
</li>
</ol>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07603932376022842245noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7997065121951304751.post-43860952344445862882012-09-14T09:56:00.000-07:002012-09-14T09:56:33.768-07:00hasil lab<br />
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<td class="xl63"><br /></td>
<td class="xl64"><br /></td>
<td class="xl67"><br /></td>
<td class="xl67"><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr height="21" style="height: 15.75pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl131" colspan="9" height="21" style="border-right: .5pt solid black; height: 15.75pt;">HASIL LABORATORIUM</td>
</tr>
<tr height="4" style="height: 3.0pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl68" height="4" style="height: 3.0pt;"><br /></td>
<td class="xl68"><br /></td>
<td class="xl69"><br /></td>
<td class="xl68"><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr height="16" style="height: 12.0pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl121" colspan="4" height="16" style="border-right: .5pt solid black; height: 12.0pt;">HEMATOLOGI</td>
<td class="xl70"><br /></td>
<td class="xl121" colspan="4" style="border-right: .5pt solid black;">URINE</td>
</tr>
<tr height="16" style="height: 12.0pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl71" height="16" style="border-top: none; height: 12.0pt;">Pemeriksaan</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">Hasil</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">Satuan</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">Nilai Normal</td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl103" colspan="2" style="border-right: .5pt solid black;">Warna</td>
<td class="xl105" colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border-right: .5pt solid black;"></td>
</tr>
<tr height="16" style="height: 12.0pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl73" height="16" style="border-top: none; height: 12.0pt;">Hb</td>
<td class="xl74" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"></td>
<td class="xl75" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">g /dl</td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">♂ : 13 - 17 /<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>♀ : 12 - 16</td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl103" colspan="2" style="border-right: .5pt solid black;">BJ</td>
<td class="xl105" colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border-right: .5pt solid black;"></td>
</tr>
<tr height="16" style="height: 12.0pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl73" height="16" style="border-top: none; height: 12.0pt;">Leukosit</td>
<td class="xl77" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"></td>
<td class="xl75" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">/ mm3</td>
<td class="xl75" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">4.000 - 10.000</td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl103" colspan="2" style="border-right: .5pt solid black;">PH</td>
<td class="xl105" colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border-right: .5pt solid black;"></td>
</tr>
<tr height="16" style="height: 12.0pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl73" height="16" style="border-top: none; height: 12.0pt;">Eritrosit</td>
<td class="xl74" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"></td>
<td class="xl75" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">/ mm3</td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">♂ : 4,5 - 6 /<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>♀ : 4 - 5,5</td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl103" colspan="2" style="border-right: .5pt solid black;">Keton</td>
<td class="xl105" colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border-right: .5pt solid black;"></td>
</tr>
<tr height="16" style="height: 12.0pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl73" height="16" style="border-top: none; height: 12.0pt;">Hematokrit</td>
<td class="xl74" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"></td>
<td class="xl78" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">%</td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">♂ : 40 - 48 /<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>♀ : 37 - 43</td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl103" colspan="2" style="border-right: .5pt solid black;">Nitrit</td>
<td class="xl105" colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border-right: .5pt solid black;"></td>
</tr>
<tr height="16" style="height: 12.0pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl73" height="16" style="border-top: none; height: 12.0pt;">Trombosit</td>
<td class="xl79" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"></td>
<td class="xl78" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">/ mm3</td>
<td class="xl78" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">200.000 - 450.000</td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl103" colspan="2" style="border-right: .5pt solid black;">Protein</td>
<td class="xl105" colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border-right: .5pt solid black;"></td>
</tr>
<tr height="16" style="height: 12.0pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl73" height="16" style="border-top: none; height: 12.0pt;">LED</td>
<td class="xl80" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"></td>
<td class="xl78" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">mm / Jam</td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">♂ : < 10 /<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>♀ : < 15</td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl103" colspan="2" style="border-right: .5pt solid black;">Glukosa</td>
<td class="xl105" colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border-right: .5pt solid black;"></td>
</tr>
<tr height="16" style="height: 12.0pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl73" height="16" style="border-top: none; height: 12.0pt;">Retikulosit</td>
<td class="xl80" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"></td>
<td class="xl78" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">%</td>
<td class="xl78" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">0,5 - 2,0</td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl103" colspan="2" style="border-right: .5pt solid black;">Urobilin</td>
<td class="xl105" colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border-right: .5pt solid black;"></td>
</tr>
<tr height="16" style="height: 12.0pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl73" height="16" style="border-top: none; height: 12.0pt;">Wkt.
Pendarahan</td>
<td class="xl80" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"></td>
<td class="xl78" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">Menit</td>
<td class="xl81" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1 - 3</td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl103" colspan="2" style="border-right: .5pt solid black;">Bilirubin</td>
<td class="xl105" colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border-right: .5pt solid black;"></td>
</tr>
<tr height="16" style="height: 12.0pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl73" height="16" style="border-top: none; height: 12.0pt;">Wkt. Pembekuan</td>
<td class="xl80" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"></td>
<td class="xl78" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">Menit</td>
<td class="xl78" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5 - 11</td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl105" colspan="4" style="border-right: .5pt solid black;">Sedimen<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></td>
</tr>
<tr height="16" style="height: 12.0pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl73" height="16" style="border-top: none; height: 12.0pt;">Golongan Darah</td>
<td class="xl80" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"></td>
<td class="xl78" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"></td>
<td class="xl78" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"></td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl103" colspan="2" style="border-right: .5pt solid black;">Leukoit<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></td>
<td class="xl103" colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border-right: .5pt solid black;"></td>
</tr>
<tr height="16" style="height: 12.0pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl73" height="16" style="border-top: none; height: 12.0pt;">Malaria</td>
<td class="xl80" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"></td>
<td class="xl78" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"></td>
<td class="xl78" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">Negatif</td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl103" colspan="2" style="border-right: .5pt solid black;">Eritrosit<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></td>
<td class="xl103" colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border-right: .5pt solid black;"></td>
</tr>
<tr height="16" style="height: 12.0pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl73" height="16" style="border-top: none; height: 12.0pt;">Hitung
Jenis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></td>
<td class="xl82" style="border-top: none;"></td>
<td class="xl83" style="border-top: none;"></td>
<td class="xl84" style="border-top: none;"></td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl103" colspan="2" style="border-right: .5pt solid black;">Cilinder<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></td>
<td class="xl103" colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border-right: .5pt solid black;"></td>
</tr>
<tr height="16" style="height: 12.0pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl73" height="16" style="border-top: none; height: 12.0pt;">Basofil</td>
<td class="xl80" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"></td>
<td class="xl78" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">%</td>
<td class="xl78" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0 - 1</td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl103" colspan="2" style="border-right: .5pt solid black;">Epitel
Cel<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></td>
<td class="xl103" colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border-right: .5pt solid black;"></td>
</tr>
<tr height="16" style="height: 12.0pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl73" height="16" style="border-top: none; height: 12.0pt;">Eosinofil</td>
<td class="xl80" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"></td>
<td class="xl78" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">%</td>
<td class="xl78" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1 - 4</td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl103" colspan="2" style="border-right: .5pt solid black;">Kristal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></td>
<td class="xl103" colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border-right: .5pt solid black;"></td>
</tr>
<tr height="18" style="height: 13.5pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl85" height="18" style="border-top: none; height: 13.5pt;">Stab Neutro</td>
<td class="xl86" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"></td>
<td class="xl87" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">%</td>
<td class="xl87" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2 - 6</td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl88" style="border-top: none;">Bakteri</td>
<td class="xl89" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"></td>
<td class="xl126" colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border-right: .5pt solid black;"></td>
</tr>
<tr height="16" style="height: 12.0pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl73" height="16" style="height: 12.0pt;">Segment Neutro</td>
<td class="xl80" style="border-left: none;"></td>
<td class="xl78" style="border-left: none;">%</td>
<td class="xl78" style="border-left: none;">50 - 70</td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr height="16" style="height: 12.0pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl73" height="16" style="border-top: none; height: 12.0pt;">Limfosit</td>
<td class="xl80" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"></td>
<td class="xl78" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">%</td>
<td class="xl78" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">20 - 40</td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl128" colspan="4" style="border-right: .5pt solid black; width: 168pt;" width="224">FAECES</td>
</tr>
<tr height="16" style="height: 12.0pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl73" height="16" style="border-top: none; height: 12.0pt;">Monosit</td>
<td class="xl80" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"></td>
<td class="xl78" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">%</td>
<td class="xl78" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2 - 8</td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl101" colspan="2" style="border-right: .5pt solid black; width: 70pt;" width="94">Warna</td>
<td class="xl103" colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border-right: .5pt solid black;"></td>
</tr>
<tr height="16" style="height: 12.0pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl72" height="16" style="height: 12.0pt;"><br /></td>
<td class="xl97"><br /></td>
<td class="xl97"><br /></td>
<td class="xl97"><br /></td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl90" colspan="2" style="border-right: .5pt solid black; mso-ignore: colspan;">Konistensi</td>
<td class="xl103" colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border-right: .5pt solid black;"></td>
</tr>
<tr height="18" style="height: 13.5pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl121" colspan="4" height="18" style="border-right: .5pt solid black; height: 13.5pt;">KIMIA</td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl90" colspan="2" style="border-right: .5pt solid black; mso-ignore: colspan;">Lendir</td>
<td class="xl103" colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border-right: .5pt solid black;"></td>
</tr>
<tr height="16" style="height: 12.0pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl71" height="16" style="border-top: none; height: 12.0pt;">Pemeriksaan</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">Hasil</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">Satuan</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">Nilai Normal</td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl91" colspan="2" style="border-right: .5pt solid black; mso-ignore: colspan;">Darah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></td>
<td class="xl124" colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border-right: .5pt solid black;"></td>
</tr>
<tr height="16" style="height: 12.0pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl73" height="16" style="border-top: none; height: 12.0pt;">Glukosa Puasa</td>
<td class="xl74" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"></td>
<td class="xl75" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">mg / dl</td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">70 - 110</td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl101" colspan="2" style="border-right: .5pt solid black; width: 70pt;" width="94">Pus</td>
<td class="xl103" colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border-right: .5pt solid black;"></td>
</tr>
<tr height="16" style="height: 12.0pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl73" height="16" style="border-top: none; height: 12.0pt;">Glukosa 2 Jam
PP</td>
<td class="xl74" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"></td>
<td class="xl75" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">mg / dl</td>
<td class="xl75" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>< 160</td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl101" colspan="2" style="border-right: .5pt solid black; width: 70pt;" width="94">Eritroit</td>
<td class="xl103" colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border-right: .5pt solid black;"></td>
</tr>
<tr height="16" style="height: 12.0pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl73" height="16" style="border-top: none; height: 12.0pt;">Glukosa
Sewaktu</td>
<td class="xl74" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"></td>
<td class="xl75" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">mg / dl</td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>< 140</td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl101" colspan="2" style="border-right: .5pt solid black; width: 70pt;" width="94">Leukoit</td>
<td class="xl103" colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border-right: .5pt solid black;"></td>
</tr>
<tr height="16" style="height: 12.0pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl73" height="16" style="border-top: none; height: 12.0pt;">Protein Total</td>
<td class="xl80" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"></td>
<td class="xl78" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">g /dl</td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">6,6 - 8,7</td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl101" colspan="2" style="border-right: .5pt solid black; width: 70pt;" width="94">Amoeba</td>
<td class="xl103" colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border-right: .5pt solid black;"></td>
</tr>
<tr height="16" style="height: 12.0pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl73" height="16" style="border-top: none; height: 12.0pt;">Albumin</td>
<td class="xl80" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"></td>
<td class="xl78" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">g /dl</td>
<td class="xl78" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">4,0 - 5,7</td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl101" colspan="2" style="border-right: .5pt solid black; width: 70pt;" width="94">Telur Cacing</td>
<td class="xl103" colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border-right: .5pt solid black;"></td>
</tr>
<tr height="16" style="height: 12.0pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl73" height="16" style="border-top: none; height: 12.0pt;">Globulin</td>
<td class="xl80" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"></td>
<td class="xl78" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">g /dl</td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">1,5 - 3,0</td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl103" colspan="2" style="border-right: .5pt solid black;">Cacing</td>
<td class="xl103" colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border-right: .5pt solid black;"></td>
</tr>
<tr height="16" style="height: 12.0pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl73" height="16" style="border-top: none; height: 12.0pt;">Bilirubin
Total</td>
<td class="xl80" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"></td>
<td class="xl75" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">mg / dl</td>
<td class="xl93" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>< 1,0</td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl103" colspan="2" style="border-right: .5pt solid black;">Darah Samar</td>
<td class="xl103" colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border-right: .5pt solid black;"></td>
</tr>
<tr height="16" style="height: 12.0pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl73" height="16" style="border-top: none; height: 12.0pt;">Bilirubin
Direk</td>
<td class="xl80" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"></td>
<td class="xl75" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">mg / dl</td>
<td class="xl81" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>< 0,25</td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl103" colspan="2" style="border-right: .5pt solid black;">Sisa
Pencernaan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></td>
<td class="xl103" colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border-right: .5pt solid black;"></td>
</tr>
<tr height="16" style="height: 12.0pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl73" height="16" style="border-top: none; height: 12.0pt;">Bilirubin
Indirek</td>
<td class="xl80" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"></td>
<td class="xl75" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">mg / dl</td>
<td class="xl78" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>< 0,75</td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl103" colspan="2" style="border-right: .5pt solid black;">Karbohidrat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></td>
<td class="xl103" colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border-right: .5pt solid black;"></td>
</tr>
<tr height="16" style="height: 12.0pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl73" height="16" style="border-top: none; height: 12.0pt;">SGOT</td>
<td class="xl80" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"></td>
<td class="xl78" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">U / L</td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">♂ : <<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>25 /<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>♀ : < 21 (37 c)</td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl103" colspan="2" style="border-right: .5pt solid black;">Lemak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></td>
<td class="xl103" colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border-right: .5pt solid black;"></td>
</tr>
<tr height="16" style="height: 12.0pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl85" height="16" style="border-top: none; height: 12.0pt;">SGPT</td>
<td class="xl86" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"></td>
<td class="xl94" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">U / L</td>
<td class="xl95" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">♂ : <<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>29 /<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>♀ : < 22 (37 c)</td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl103" colspan="2" style="border-right: .5pt solid black;">Protein<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></td>
<td class="xl103" colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border-right: .5pt solid black;"></td>
</tr>
<tr height="16" style="height: 12.0pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl73" height="16" style="height: 12.0pt;">Alkali Phosphatase</td>
<td class="xl80" style="border-left: none;"></td>
<td class="xl78" style="border-left: none;">U / L</td>
<td class="xl75" style="border-left: none;">Dewasa : 60 - 170 / Anak : 151 - 171</td>
<td><br /></td>
<td class="xl114" colspan="4" style="border-right: .5pt solid black;">SEROLOGI</td>
</tr>
<tr height="16" style="height: 12.0pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl73" height="16" style="border-top: none; height: 12.0pt;">Gamma - GT</td>
<td class="xl80" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"></td>
<td class="xl78" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">U / L</td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">♂ : 8 - 28 /<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>♀ : 5 - 25 (37 c)</td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl120" colspan="4" style="border-right: .5pt solid black;">Widal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Test : (N < 1 / 80)</td>
</tr>
<tr height="16" style="height: 12.0pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl73" height="16" style="border-top: none; height: 12.0pt;">Kolesterol
Total</td>
<td class="xl80" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"></td>
<td class="xl78" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">mg / dl</td>
<td class="xl78" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>220 / Resiko tinggi : 150 - 190</td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl99" colspan="2" style="border-right: .5pt solid black;">O</td>
<td class="xl99" colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border-right: .5pt solid black;">H</td>
</tr>
<tr height="16" style="height: 12.0pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl73" height="16" style="border-top: none; height: 12.0pt;">HDL -
Kolesterol</td>
<td class="xl80" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"></td>
<td class="xl78" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">mg / dl</td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">♂ : 35 - 55 /<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>♀ : 45 - 65 (37 c)</td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl99" colspan="2" style="border-right: .5pt solid black;">AO</td>
<td class="xl99" colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border-right: .5pt solid black;">AH</td>
</tr>
<tr height="16" style="height: 12.0pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl73" height="16" style="border-top: none; height: 12.0pt;">LDL -
Kolesterol</td>
<td class="xl80" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"></td>
<td class="xl78" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">mg / dl</td>
<td class="xl78" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>< 150 / Resiko tinggi : 150 - 190</td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl99" colspan="2" style="border-right: .5pt solid black;">BO</td>
<td class="xl99" colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border-right: .5pt solid black;">BH</td>
</tr>
<tr height="16" style="height: 12.0pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl73" height="16" style="border-top: none; height: 12.0pt;">Trigliserid</td>
<td class="xl80" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"></td>
<td class="xl78" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">mg / dl</td>
<td class="xl78" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>< 150 / Resiko tinggi : 150 - 200</td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl99" colspan="2" style="border-right: .5pt solid black;">CO</td>
<td class="xl99" colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border-right: .5pt solid black;">CH</td>
</tr>
<tr height="16" style="height: 12.0pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl73" height="16" style="border-top: none; height: 12.0pt;">Ureum</td>
<td class="xl80" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"></td>
<td class="xl78" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">mg / dl</td>
<td class="xl78" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">♂ : 10 - 50 / ♀ : 4,6
- 23</td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl103" colspan="2" style="border-right: .5pt solid black;">HBsAg<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></td>
<td class="xl111" colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border-right: .5pt solid black;"></td>
</tr>
<tr height="16" style="height: 12.0pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl73" height="16" style="border-top: none; height: 12.0pt;">Creatinin</td>
<td class="xl80" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"></td>
<td class="xl78" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">mg / dl</td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">♂ : 0,6 - 1,1 /<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>♀ : 0,5 - 0,9</td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl103" colspan="2" style="border-right: .5pt solid black;">Anti HAV /
Anti HCV</td>
<td class="xl111" colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border-right: .5pt solid black;"></td>
</tr>
<tr height="16" style="height: 12.0pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl73" height="16" style="border-top: none; height: 12.0pt;">Asam Urat</td>
<td class="xl80" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"></td>
<td class="xl78" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">mg / dl</td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">♂ : 3,4 - 7,0 /<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>♀ : 2,4 - 5,7</td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl103" colspan="2" style="border-right: .5pt solid black;">ASTO</td>
<td class="xl111" colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border-right: .5pt solid black;"></td>
</tr>
<tr height="16" style="height: 12.0pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl73" height="16" style="border-top: none; height: 12.0pt;">Amilase</td>
<td class="xl80" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"></td>
<td class="xl78" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">U / L</td>
<td class="xl78" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">< 160</td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl103" colspan="2" style="border-right: .5pt solid black;">CRP</td>
<td class="xl111" colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border-right: .5pt solid black;"></td>
</tr>
<tr height="16" style="height: 12.0pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl73" height="16" style="border-top: none; height: 12.0pt;">LDH</td>
<td class="xl80" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"></td>
<td class="xl78" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">U / L</td>
<td class="xl78" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">160 - 320</td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl103" colspan="2" style="border-right: .5pt solid black;">RA / RF Test</td>
<td class="xl111" colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border-right: .5pt solid black;"></td>
</tr>
<tr height="16" style="height: 12.0pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl73" height="16" style="border-top: none; height: 12.0pt;">CK NAC</td>
<td class="xl80" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"></td>
<td class="xl78" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">U / L</td>
<td class="xl78" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">15 - 130 / 15 - 110</td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl103" colspan="2" style="border-right: .5pt solid black;">VDRL</td>
<td class="xl111" colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border-right: .5pt solid black;"></td>
</tr>
<tr height="16" style="height: 12.0pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl73" height="16" style="border-top: none; height: 12.0pt;">CK - MB</td>
<td class="xl80" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"></td>
<td class="xl78" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">U / L</td>
<td class="xl78" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">< 15</td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl103" colspan="2" style="border-right: .5pt solid black;">Test Pack</td>
<td class="xl111" colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border-right: .5pt solid black;"></td>
</tr>
<tr height="16" style="height: 12.0pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl73" height="16" style="border-top: none; height: 12.0pt;">Natrium</td>
<td class="xl80" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"></td>
<td class="xl78" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">m mol / L</td>
<td class="xl78" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">135 - 148</td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl105" colspan="4" style="border-right: .5pt solid black;">Dengue Blood</td>
</tr>
<tr height="16" style="height: 12.0pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl73" height="16" style="border-top: none; height: 12.0pt;">Kalium</td>
<td class="xl80" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"></td>
<td class="xl78" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">m mol / L</td>
<td class="xl78" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">3,5 - 5,2</td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl103" colspan="2">Ig M<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:</td>
<td class="xl118" colspan="2" style="border-right: .5pt solid black;"></td>
</tr>
<tr height="16" style="height: 12.0pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl73" height="16" style="border-top: none; height: 12.0pt;">Calcium Ion</td>
<td class="xl80" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"></td>
<td class="xl78" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">m mol / L</td>
<td class="xl78" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">1,0 - 1,3</td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl103" colspan="2">Ig G<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:</td>
<td class="xl118" colspan="2" style="border-right: .5pt solid black;"></td>
</tr>
<tr height="16" style="height: 12.0pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl73" height="16" style="border-top: none; height: 12.0pt;">Mantoux Test</td>
<td class="xl108" colspan="3" style="border-left: none; border-right: .5pt solid black;"></td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl99" colspan="2" style="border-right: .5pt solid black;">ICT TB / Anti
HIV</td>
<td class="xl111" colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border-right: .5pt solid black;"></td>
</tr>
<tr height="6" style="height: 4.5pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl63" height="6" style="height: 4.5pt;"><br /></td>
<td class="xl64"><br /></td>
<td class="xl63"><br /></td>
<td class="xl64"><br /></td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr height="16" style="height: 12.0pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl114" colspan="3" height="16" style="border-right: .5pt solid black; height: 12.0pt;">MIKROBIOLOGI</td>
<td class="xl97"><br /></td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height: 14.25pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl96" height="19" style="border-top: none; height: 14.25pt;">Gram</td>
<td class="xl108" colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border-right: .5pt solid black;"></td>
<td class="xl97"><br /></td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height: 14.25pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl96" height="19" style="border-top: none; height: 14.25pt;">BTA</td>
<td class="xl108" colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border-right: .5pt solid black;"></td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl97" colspan="3">Pabedilan,</td>
</tr>
<tr height="16" style="height: 12.0pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl96" height="16" style="border-top: none; height: 12.0pt;">Jamur</td>
<td class="xl108" colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border-right: .5pt solid black;"></td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl113" colspan="3">Analis</td>
</tr>
<tr height="16" style="height: 12.0pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl96" height="16" style="border-top: none; height: 12.0pt;">Trichomonas</td>
<td class="xl108" colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border-right: .5pt solid black;"></td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr height="16" style="height: 12.0pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl114" colspan="3" height="16" style="border-right: .5pt solid black; height: 12.0pt;">NARKOBA</td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr height="16" style="height: 12.0pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl96" height="16" style="border-top: none; height: 12.0pt;">Amphetamine</td>
<td class="xl108" colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border-right: .5pt solid black;"></td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr height="16" style="height: 12.0pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl96" height="16" style="border-top: none; height: 12.0pt;">Metamphetamine</td>
<td class="xl108" colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border-right: .5pt solid black;"></td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr height="16" style="height: 12.0pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl96" height="16" style="border-top: none; height: 12.0pt;">Morphine</td>
<td class="xl107" colspan="2" style="border-left: none;"></td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr height="16" style="height: 12.0pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl63" height="16" style="height: 12.0pt;"><br /></td>
<td class="xl64"><br /></td>
<td class="xl63"><br /></td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr height="16" style="height: 12.0pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl63" height="16" style="height: 12.0pt;"><br /></td>
<td class="xl64"><br /></td>
<td class="xl63"><br /></td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
<td class="xl72"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td class="xl63" height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;"><br /></td>
<td class="xl64"><br /></td>
<td class="xl63"><br /></td>
<td class="xl64"><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07603932376022842245noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7997065121951304751.post-23092159844006641092012-08-05T01:36:00.000-07:002012-08-05T01:36:53.168-07:00game keren PS1<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<a name='more'></a><br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07603932376022842245noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7997065121951304751.post-29404308324496526132012-08-04T03:12:00.000-07:002012-08-04T03:12:25.921-07:00JAGUNG<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PENDAHULUAN</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<br />
<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Di Indonesia jagung merupakan komoditi tanaman pangan
penting, namun tingkat produksi belum optimal. PT. Natural Nusantara berupaya
meningkatkan produksi tanaman jagung secara kuantitas, kualitas dan ramah
lingkungan /berkelanjutan ( Aspek K-3).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SYARAT PERTUMBUHAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Curah
hujan ideal sekitar 85-200 mm/bulan dan harus merata. Pada fase pembungaan dan
pengisian biji perlu mendapatkan cukup air. Sebaiknya ditanam awal musim hujan
atau menjelang musim kemarau. Membutuhkan sinar matahari, tanaman yang
ternaungi, pertumbuhannya akan terhambat dan memberikan hasil biji yang tidak
optimal. Suhu optimum antara 230 C - 300 C. Jagung tidak memerlukan persyaratan
tanah khusus, namun tanah yang gembur, subur dan kaya humus akan berproduksi
optimal. pH tanah antara 5,6-7,5. Aerasi dan ketersediaan air baik, kemiringan
tanah kurang dari 8 %. Daerah dengan tingkat kemiringan lebih dari 8 %,
sebaiknya dilakukan pembentukan teras dahulu. Ketinggian antara 1000-1800 m dpl
dengan ketinggian optimum antara 50-600 m dpl<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PEDOMAN TEKNIS BUDIDAYA</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Syarat benih</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Benih
sebaiknya bermutu tinggi baik genetik, fisik dan fisiologi (benih hibryda).
Daya tumbuh benih lebih dari 90%. Kebutuhan benih + 20-30 kg/ha. Sebelum benih
ditanam, sebaiknya direndam dalam POC NASA (dosis 2-4 cc/lt air semalam).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengolahan Lahan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lahan
dibersihkan dari sisa tanaman sebelumnya, sisa tanaman yang cukup banyak
dibakar, abunya dikembalikan ke dalam tanah, kemudian dicangkul dan diolah
dengan bajak. Tanah yang akan ditanami dicangkul sedalam 15-20 cm, kemudian
diratakan. Setiap 3 m dibuat saluran drainase sepanjang barisan tanaman. Lebar
saluran 25-30 cm, kedalaman 20 cm. Saluran ini dibuat terutama pada tanah yang
drainasenya jelek.Di daerah dengan pH kurang dari 5, tanah dikapur (dosis 300 kg/ha)
dengan cara menyebar kapur merata/pada barisan tanaman, + 1 bulan sebelum
tanam. Sebelum tanam sebaiknya lahan disebari GLIO yang sudah dicampur dengan
pupuk kandang matang untuk mencegah penyakit layu pada tanaman jagung.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemupukan</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 85.5pt;" width="114"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Waktu</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 163.35pt;" width="218"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dosis Pupuk Makro (per ha)</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dosis POC</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b>NASA</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 57.0pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Urea (kg)</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">TSP (kg)</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">KCl (kg)</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 6pt 6.75pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perendaman benih<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 57.0pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 6pt 6.75pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2 - 4 cc/ lt air<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 6pt 6.75pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pupuk dasar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 57.0pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">120<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">80<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">25<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 6pt 6.75pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0 - 40 tutup/tangki<br />
( siram merata )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 6pt 6.75pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2 minggu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 57.0pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 6pt 6.75pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4 - 8 tutup/tangki<br />
( semprot/siram)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 6pt 6.75pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Susulan I (3 minggu)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 57.0pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">115<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">55<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 6pt 6.75pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4 minggu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 57.0pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 6pt 6.75pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> - 8 tutup/tangki<br />
( semprot/siram )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 6pt 6.75pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Susulan II (6minggu)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 57.0pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">115<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 6pt 6.75pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4 - 8 tutup/tangki<br />
( semprot/siram )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<i>Catatan : akan lebih baik pupuk dasar menggunakan SUPER NASA dosis ± 1
botol/1000 m2 dengan cara :<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">alternatif 1 :</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 1 botol SUPER NASA diencerkan dalam 3 lt air (jadi larutan
induk). Kemudian setiap 50 lt air diberi 200 cc larutan induk tadi untuk
menyiram bedengan.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">alternatif 2 : </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1 gembor (10-15 lt) beri 1 sendok peres makan SUPER NASA
untuk menyiram + 10 m bedengan.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Teknik Penanaman<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></i></b><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penentuan Pola Tanaman</span></i></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Beberapa pola tanam yang biasa diterapkan :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 81.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tumpang sari<i> ( intercropping ),</i>melakukan
penanaman lebih dari 1 tanaman (umur sama atau berbeda). Contoh: tumpang sari
sama umur seperti jagung dan kedelai; tumpang sari beda umur seperti jagung,
ketela pohon, padi gogo.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 81.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tumpang gilir (Multiple Cropping), dilakukan
secara beruntun sepanjang tahun dengan mempertimbangkan faktor-faktor lain
untuk mendapat keuntungan maksimum. Contoh: jagung muda, padi gogo, kedelai,
kacang tanah, dll.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 81.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanaman Bersisipan <i>(Relay
Cropping): </i>pola tanam dengan menyisipkan satu atau beberapa jenis tanaman
selain tanaman pokok (dalam waktu tanam yang bersamaan atau waktu yang
berbeda). Contoh: jagung disisipkan kacang tanah, waktu jagung menjelang panen
disisipkan kacang panjang.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 81.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanaman Campuran <i>( Mixed Cropping
) : </i>penanaman terdiri beberapa tanaman dan tumbuh tanpa diatur jarak tanam
maupun larikannya, semua tercampur jadi satu. Lahan efisien, tetapi riskan
terhadap ancaman hama dan penyakit. Contoh: tanaman campuran seperti jagung,
kedelai, ubi kayu.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 81.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lubang
Tanam dan Cara Tanam<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lubang tanam ditugal, kedalaman 3-5 cm, dan tiap lubang
hanya diisi 1 butir benih. Jarak tanam jagung disesuaikan dengan umur panennya,
semakin panjang umurnya jarak tanam semakin lebar. Jagung berumur panen lebih
100 hari sejak penanaman, jarak tanamnya 40x100 cm (2 tanaman /lubang). Jagung
berumur panen 80-100 hari, jarak tanamnya 25x75 cm (1 tanaman/lubang). Panen <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengelolaan Tanaman<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penjarangan
dan Penyulaman<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanaman yang tumbuhnya paling tidak baik, dipotong dengan
pisau atau gunting tajam tepat di atas permukaan tanah. Pencabutan tanaman
secara langsung tidak boleh dilakukan, karena akan melukai akar tanaman lain
yang akan dibiarkan tumbuh. Penyulaman bertujuan untuk mengganti benih yang tidak
tumbuh/mati, dilakukan 7-10 hari sesudah tanam (hst). Jumlah dan jenis benih
serta perlakuan dalam penyulaman sama dengan sewaktu penanaman.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyiangan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyiangan dilakukan 2 minggu sekali. Penyiangan pada
tanaman jagung yang masih muda dapat dengan tangan atau cangkul kecil, garpu
dll. Penyiangan jangan sampai mengganggu perakaran tanaman yang pada umur
tersebut masih belum cukup kuat mencengkeram tanah maka dilakukan setelah
tanaman berumur 15 hari.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembumbunan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembumbunan dilakukan bersamaan dengan penyiangan untuk
memperkokoh posisi batang agar tanaman tidak mudah rebah dan menutup akar yang
bermunculan di atas permukaan tanah karena adanya aerasi. Dilakukan saat
tanaman berumur 6 minggu, bersamaan dengan waktu pemupukan. Tanah di sebelah
kanan dan kiri barisan tanaman diuruk dengan cangkul, kemudian ditimbun di
barisan tanaman. Dengan cara ini akan terbentuk guludan yang memanjang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengairan
dan Penyiraman<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setelah benih ditanam, dilakukan penyiraman secukupnya,
kecuali bila tanah telah lembab, tujuannya menjaga agar tanaman tidak layu.
Namun menjelang tanaman berbunga, air yang diperlukan lebih besar sehingga
perlu dialirkan air pada parit-parit di antara bumbunan tanaman jagung.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB II<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">HAMA DAN PENYAKIT<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hama</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lalat bibit <i>(Atherigona exigua
Stein)</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gejala: daun berubah warna menjadi kekuningan, bagian yang
terserang mengalami pembusukan, akhirnya tanaman menjadi layu, pertumbuhan
tanaman menjadi kerdil atau mati. Penyebab: lalat bibit dengan ciri-ciri warna
lalat abu-abu, warna punggung kuning kehijauan bergaris, warna perut coklat
kekuningan, warna telur putih mutiara, dan panjang lalat 3-3,5 mm.
Pengendalian: (1) penanaman serentak dan penerapan pergiliran tanaman. (2)
tanaman yang terserang segera dicabut dan dimusnahkan. (3) Sanitasi kebun. (4)
semprot dengan PESTONA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ulat Pemotong<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gejala: tanaman terpotong beberapa cm diatas permukaan
tanah, ditandai dengan bekas gigitan pada batangnya, akibatnya tanaman yang
masih muda roboh. Penyebab: beberapa jenis ulat pemotong: Agrotis ipsilon;
Spodoptera litura, penggerek batang jagung (Ostrinia furnacalis), dan penggerek
buah jagung (Helicoverpa armigera). Pengendalian: (1) Tanam serentak atau
pergiliran tanaman; (2) cari dan bunuh ulat-ulat tersebut (biasanya terdapat di
dalam tanah); (3) Semprot PESTONA, VITURA atau VIREXI.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i></b><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyakit<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyakit bulai <i>(Downy mildew) </i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyebab: cendawan Peronosclerospora maydis dan P. javanica
serta P. philippinensis, merajalela pada suhu udara 270 C ke atas serta keadaan
udara lembab. Gejala: (1) umur 2-3 minggu daun runcing, kecil, kaku,
pertumbuhan batang terhambat, warna menguning, sisi bawah daun terdapat lapisan
spora cendawan warna putih; (2) umur 3-5 minggu mengalami gangguan pertumbuhan,
daun berubah warna dari bagian pangkal daun, tongkol berubah bentuk dan isi; (3)
pada tanaman dewasa, terdapat garis-garis kecoklatan pada daun tua.
Pengendalian: (1) penanaman menjelang atau awal musim penghujan; (2) pola tanam
dan pola pergiliran tanaman, penanaman varietas tahan; (3) cabut tanaman
terserang dan musnahkan; (4) Preventif diawal tanam dengan GLIO<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyakit bercak daun <i>(Leaf bligh)<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyebab: cendawan Helminthosporium turcicum. Gejala: pada
daun tampak bercak memanjang dan teratur berwarna kuning dan dikelilingi warna
coklat, bercak berkembang dan meluas dari ujung daun hingga ke pangkal daun,
semula bercak tampak basah, kemudian berubah warna menjadi coklat
kekuning-kuningan, kemudian berubah menjadi coklat tua. Akhirnya seluruh
permukaan daun berwarna coklat. Pengendalian: (1) pergiliran tanaman. (2)
mengatur kondisi lahan tidak lembab; (3) Prenventif diawal dengan GLIO<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyakit karat<i> (Rust)<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyebab: cendawan Puccinia sorghi Schw dan P.polypora
Underw. Gejala: pada tanaman dewasa, daun tua terdapat titik-titik noda
berwarna merah kecoklatan seperti karat serta terdapat serbuk berwarna kuning
kecoklatan, serbuk cendawan ini berkembang dan memanjang. Pengendalian: (1)
mengatur kelembaban; (2) menanam varietas tahan terhadap penyakit; (3) sanitasi
kebun; (4) semprot dengan GLIO.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyakit gosong bengkak <i>(Corn
smut/boil smut)<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyebab: cendawan Ustilago maydis (DC) Cda, Ustilago zeae
(Schw) Ung, Uredo zeae Schw, Uredo maydis DC. Gejala: masuknya cendawan ini ke
dalam biji pada tongkol sehingga terjadi pembengkakan dan mengeluarkan kelenjar
(gall), pembengkakan ini menyebabkan pembungkus rusak dan spora tersebar.
Pengendalian: (1) mengatur kelembaban; (2) memotong bagian tanaman dan dibakar;
(3) benih yang akan ditanam dicampur GLIO dan POC NASA.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyakit busuk tongkol dan busuk
biji<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyebab: cendawan Fusarium atau Gibberella antara lain
Gibberella zeae (Schw), Gibberella fujikuroi (Schw), Gibberella moniliforme.
Gejala: dapat diketahui setelah membuka pembungkus tongkol, biji-biji jagung
berwarna merah jambu atau merah kecoklatan kemudian berubah menjadi warna
coklat sawo matang. Pengendalian: (1) menanam jagung varietas tahan, pergiliran
tanam, mengatur jarak tanam, perlakuan benih; (2) GLIO di awal tanam.<br />
Catatan : Jika pengendalian hama penyakit dengan menggunakan pestisida alami
belum mengatasi dapat dipergunakan pestisida kimia yang dianjurkan. Agar
penyemprotan pestisida kimia lebih merata dan tidak mudah hilang oleh air hujan
tambahkan Perekat Perata AERO 810, dosis + 5 ml (1/2 tutup)/tangki.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Panen dan Pasca Panen<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ciri dan Umur Panen<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Umur panen + 86-96 hari setelah
tanam. Jagung untuk sayur (jagung muda, baby corn) dipanen sebelum bijinya
terisi penuh (diameter tongkol 1-2 cm), jagung rebus/bakar, dipanen ketika
matang susu dan jagung untuk beras jagung, pakan ternak, benih, tepung dll
dipanen jika sudah matang fisiologis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Cara Panen<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Putar tongkol berikut
kelobotnya/patahkan tangkai buah jagung.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></i></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengupasan<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dikupas saat masih menempel pada
batang atau setelah pemetikan selesai, agar kadar air dalam tongkol dapat
diturunkan sehingga cendawan tidak tumbuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></i></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengeringan<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengeringan jagung dengan sinar
matahari (+7-8 hari) hingga kadar air + 9% -11 % atau dengan mesin pengering.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i></b><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemipilan<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setelah kering dipipil dengan tangan atau alat pemipil
jagung.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i></b><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyortiran dan Penggolongan<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Biji-biji jagung dipisahkan dari kotoran atau apa saja yang
tidak dikehendaki (sisa-sisa tongkol, biji kecil, biji pecah, biji hampa, dll).
Penyortiran untuk menghindari serangan jamur, hama selama dalam penyimpanan dan
menaikkan kualitas panenan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB
III<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">MANFAAT
TANAMAN JAGUNG<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanaman jagung
sangat bermanfaat bagi kehidupan manusia dan hewan. Di Indonesia,jagung
merupakan komoditi tanaman pangan kedua terpenting setelah padi. Berdasarkan
urutan bahan makanan pokok di dunia,jagung menduduki urutan ke 3 setelah gandum
dan padi. Di daerah Madura,jagung banyak dimanfaatkan sebagai makanan pokok.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Akhir-akhir ini
tanaman jagung semakin meningkat penggunanya. Tanaman jagung banyak sekali
gunanya,sebab hamper seluruh bagian tanaman dapat dimanfaatkan untuk berbagai
macam keperluan antara lain:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Batang
dan daun muda : pakan ternak<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span class="l6"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Batang
dan daun tua (setelah panen) <span class="l6">pupuk hijau atau kompos<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .75pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Batang dan daun
kering: kayu bakar</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .75pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Batang jagung:
lanjaran (turus)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .75pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Batang jagung:
pulp (bahan kertas)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: 2.25pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Buah jagung
muda (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">putren
Jw): sayuran, bergedel, bakwan, sambel goring<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Biji jagung tua: peng</span></span><span class="l6"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">ganti
nasi, marning, brondong, roti jagung, tepung, bihun,</span></span><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">bahan campuran kopi bubuk, biskuit, kue kering,
pakan ternak, bahan bakuindustri bir, industri farmasi, dextrin, perekat,
industri textile</span></span><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daftar Pustaka<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">AAK.
(1993). Teknik Bercocok Tanam Jagung. Yogyakarta. Kanisius.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Balai
Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian (1998). Budidaya Kedelai dan
Jagung.Palangkaraya. Departemen Pertanian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Capricorn
Indo Consult. (1998). Studi Tentang Agroindustri & PemasaranJAGUNG &
KEDELAI di Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pusat
Penelitian dan Pengembangan Tanaman Pangan (1988). Jagung Bogor.Badan Penelitian
dan Pengembangan Pertaniane<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Saenong,
Sania. (1988). Teknologi Benih Jagung. Pusat Penelitian danPengembangan Tanaman
Pangan. Bogor. Badan Penelitian dan PengembanganPertanian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .75pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sutoro; Yogo Sulaeman; Iskandar. (1988). Pusat Penelitian
dan Pengembangan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanaman
Pangan. Bogor. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Warisno
(1998). Budidaya Jagung Hibrida. Yogyakarta. Kanisius<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07603932376022842245noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7997065121951304751.post-23722518761959939132012-08-04T03:06:00.001-07:002012-08-04T03:13:05.428-07:00<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PENDAHULUAN</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<br />
<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Di Indonesia jagung merupakan komoditi tanaman pangan
penting, namun tingkat produksi belum optimal. PT. Natural Nusantara berupaya
meningkatkan produksi tanaman jagung secara kuantitas, kualitas dan ramah
lingkungan /berkelanjutan ( Aspek K-3).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SYARAT PERTUMBUHAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Curah
hujan ideal sekitar 85-200 mm/bulan dan harus merata. Pada fase pembungaan dan
pengisian biji perlu mendapatkan cukup air. Sebaiknya ditanam awal musim hujan
atau menjelang musim kemarau. Membutuhkan sinar matahari, tanaman yang
ternaungi, pertumbuhannya akan terhambat dan memberikan hasil biji yang tidak
optimal. Suhu optimum antara 230 C - 300 C. Jagung tidak memerlukan persyaratan
tanah khusus, namun tanah yang gembur, subur dan kaya humus akan berproduksi
optimal. pH tanah antara 5,6-7,5. Aerasi dan ketersediaan air baik, kemiringan
tanah kurang dari 8 %. Daerah dengan tingkat kemiringan lebih dari 8 %,
sebaiknya dilakukan pembentukan teras dahulu. Ketinggian antara 1000-1800 m dpl
dengan ketinggian optimum antara 50-600 m dpl<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PEDOMAN TEKNIS BUDIDAYA</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Syarat benih</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Benih
sebaiknya bermutu tinggi baik genetik, fisik dan fisiologi (benih hibryda).
Daya tumbuh benih lebih dari 90%. Kebutuhan benih + 20-30 kg/ha. Sebelum benih
ditanam, sebaiknya direndam dalam POC NASA (dosis 2-4 cc/lt air semalam).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengolahan Lahan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lahan
dibersihkan dari sisa tanaman sebelumnya, sisa tanaman yang cukup banyak
dibakar, abunya dikembalikan ke dalam tanah, kemudian dicangkul dan diolah
dengan bajak. Tanah yang akan ditanami dicangkul sedalam 15-20 cm, kemudian
diratakan. Setiap 3 m dibuat saluran drainase sepanjang barisan tanaman. Lebar
saluran 25-30 cm, kedalaman 20 cm. Saluran ini dibuat terutama pada tanah yang
drainasenya jelek.Di daerah dengan pH kurang dari 5, tanah dikapur (dosis 300 kg/ha)
dengan cara menyebar kapur merata/pada barisan tanaman, + 1 bulan sebelum
tanam. Sebelum tanam sebaiknya lahan disebari GLIO yang sudah dicampur dengan
pupuk kandang matang untuk mencegah penyakit layu pada tanaman jagung.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemupukan</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 85.5pt;" width="114">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Waktu</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 163.35pt;" width="218">
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dosis Pupuk Makro (per ha)</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 106.3pt;" width="142">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dosis POC</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b>NASA</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 57.0pt;" valign="top" width="76">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Urea (kg)</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">TSP (kg)</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">KCl (kg)</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 6pt 6.75pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perendaman benih<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 57.0pt;" valign="top" width="76">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 6pt 6.75pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2 - 4 cc/ lt air<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 6pt 6.75pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pupuk dasar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 57.0pt;" valign="top" width="76">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">120<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">80<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">25<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 6pt 6.75pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0 - 40 tutup/tangki<br />
( siram merata )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 6pt 6.75pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2 minggu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 57.0pt;" valign="top" width="76">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 6pt 6.75pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4 - 8 tutup/tangki<br />
( semprot/siram)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 6pt 6.75pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Susulan I (3 minggu)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 57.0pt;" valign="top" width="76">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">115<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">55<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 6pt 6.75pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4 minggu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 57.0pt;" valign="top" width="76">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 6pt 6.75pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> - 8 tutup/tangki<br />
( semprot/siram )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 6pt 6.75pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Susulan II (6minggu)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 57.0pt;" valign="top" width="76">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">115<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 6pt 6.75pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4 - 8 tutup/tangki<br />
( semprot/siram )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<i>Catatan : akan lebih baik pupuk dasar menggunakan SUPER NASA dosis ± 1
botol/1000 m2 dengan cara :<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">alternatif 1 :</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 1 botol SUPER NASA diencerkan dalam 3 lt air (jadi larutan
induk). Kemudian setiap 50 lt air diberi 200 cc larutan induk tadi untuk
menyiram bedengan.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">alternatif 2 : </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1 gembor (10-15 lt) beri 1 sendok peres makan SUPER NASA
untuk menyiram + 10 m bedengan.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Teknik Penanaman<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></i></b><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penentuan Pola Tanaman</span></i></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Beberapa pola tanam yang biasa diterapkan :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 81.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tumpang sari<i> ( intercropping ),</i>melakukan
penanaman lebih dari 1 tanaman (umur sama atau berbeda). Contoh: tumpang sari
sama umur seperti jagung dan kedelai; tumpang sari beda umur seperti jagung,
ketela pohon, padi gogo.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 81.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tumpang gilir (Multiple Cropping), dilakukan
secara beruntun sepanjang tahun dengan mempertimbangkan faktor-faktor lain
untuk mendapat keuntungan maksimum. Contoh: jagung muda, padi gogo, kedelai,
kacang tanah, dll.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 81.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanaman Bersisipan <i>(Relay
Cropping): </i>pola tanam dengan menyisipkan satu atau beberapa jenis tanaman
selain tanaman pokok (dalam waktu tanam yang bersamaan atau waktu yang
berbeda). Contoh: jagung disisipkan kacang tanah, waktu jagung menjelang panen
disisipkan kacang panjang.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 81.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanaman Campuran <i>( Mixed Cropping
) : </i>penanaman terdiri beberapa tanaman dan tumbuh tanpa diatur jarak tanam
maupun larikannya, semua tercampur jadi satu. Lahan efisien, tetapi riskan
terhadap ancaman hama dan penyakit. Contoh: tanaman campuran seperti jagung,
kedelai, ubi kayu.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 81.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 81.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lubang
Tanam dan Cara Tanam<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lubang tanam ditugal, kedalaman 3-5 cm, dan tiap lubang
hanya diisi 1 butir benih. Jarak tanam jagung disesuaikan dengan umur panennya,
semakin panjang umurnya jarak tanam semakin lebar. Jagung berumur panen lebih
100 hari sejak penanaman, jarak tanamnya 40x100 cm (2 tanaman /lubang). Jagung
berumur panen 80-100 hari, jarak tanamnya 25x75 cm (1 tanaman/lubang). Panen <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengelolaan Tanaman<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penjarangan
dan Penyulaman<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanaman yang tumbuhnya paling tidak baik, dipotong dengan
pisau atau gunting tajam tepat di atas permukaan tanah. Pencabutan tanaman
secara langsung tidak boleh dilakukan, karena akan melukai akar tanaman lain
yang akan dibiarkan tumbuh. Penyulaman bertujuan untuk mengganti benih yang tidak
tumbuh/mati, dilakukan 7-10 hari sesudah tanam (hst). Jumlah dan jenis benih
serta perlakuan dalam penyulaman sama dengan sewaktu penanaman.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyiangan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyiangan dilakukan 2 minggu sekali. Penyiangan pada
tanaman jagung yang masih muda dapat dengan tangan atau cangkul kecil, garpu
dll. Penyiangan jangan sampai mengganggu perakaran tanaman yang pada umur
tersebut masih belum cukup kuat mencengkeram tanah maka dilakukan setelah
tanaman berumur 15 hari.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembumbunan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembumbunan dilakukan bersamaan dengan penyiangan untuk
memperkokoh posisi batang agar tanaman tidak mudah rebah dan menutup akar yang
bermunculan di atas permukaan tanah karena adanya aerasi. Dilakukan saat
tanaman berumur 6 minggu, bersamaan dengan waktu pemupukan. Tanah di sebelah
kanan dan kiri barisan tanaman diuruk dengan cangkul, kemudian ditimbun di
barisan tanaman. Dengan cara ini akan terbentuk guludan yang memanjang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengairan
dan Penyiraman<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setelah benih ditanam, dilakukan penyiraman secukupnya,
kecuali bila tanah telah lembab, tujuannya menjaga agar tanaman tidak layu.
Namun menjelang tanaman berbunga, air yang diperlukan lebih besar sehingga
perlu dialirkan air pada parit-parit di antara bumbunan tanaman jagung.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB II<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">HAMA DAN PENYAKIT<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hama</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lalat bibit <i>(Atherigona exigua
Stein)</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gejala: daun berubah warna menjadi kekuningan, bagian yang
terserang mengalami pembusukan, akhirnya tanaman menjadi layu, pertumbuhan
tanaman menjadi kerdil atau mati. Penyebab: lalat bibit dengan ciri-ciri warna
lalat abu-abu, warna punggung kuning kehijauan bergaris, warna perut coklat
kekuningan, warna telur putih mutiara, dan panjang lalat 3-3,5 mm.
Pengendalian: (1) penanaman serentak dan penerapan pergiliran tanaman. (2)
tanaman yang terserang segera dicabut dan dimusnahkan. (3) Sanitasi kebun. (4)
semprot dengan PESTONA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ulat Pemotong<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gejala: tanaman terpotong beberapa cm diatas permukaan
tanah, ditandai dengan bekas gigitan pada batangnya, akibatnya tanaman yang
masih muda roboh. Penyebab: beberapa jenis ulat pemotong: Agrotis ipsilon;
Spodoptera litura, penggerek batang jagung (Ostrinia furnacalis), dan penggerek
buah jagung (Helicoverpa armigera). Pengendalian: (1) Tanam serentak atau
pergiliran tanaman; (2) cari dan bunuh ulat-ulat tersebut (biasanya terdapat di
dalam tanah); (3) Semprot PESTONA, VITURA atau VIREXI.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i></b><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyakit<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyakit bulai <i>(Downy mildew) </i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyebab: cendawan Peronosclerospora maydis dan P. javanica
serta P. philippinensis, merajalela pada suhu udara 270 C ke atas serta keadaan
udara lembab. Gejala: (1) umur 2-3 minggu daun runcing, kecil, kaku,
pertumbuhan batang terhambat, warna menguning, sisi bawah daun terdapat lapisan
spora cendawan warna putih; (2) umur 3-5 minggu mengalami gangguan pertumbuhan,
daun berubah warna dari bagian pangkal daun, tongkol berubah bentuk dan isi; (3)
pada tanaman dewasa, terdapat garis-garis kecoklatan pada daun tua.
Pengendalian: (1) penanaman menjelang atau awal musim penghujan; (2) pola tanam
dan pola pergiliran tanaman, penanaman varietas tahan; (3) cabut tanaman
terserang dan musnahkan; (4) Preventif diawal tanam dengan GLIO<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyakit bercak daun <i>(Leaf bligh)<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyebab: cendawan Helminthosporium turcicum. Gejala: pada
daun tampak bercak memanjang dan teratur berwarna kuning dan dikelilingi warna
coklat, bercak berkembang dan meluas dari ujung daun hingga ke pangkal daun,
semula bercak tampak basah, kemudian berubah warna menjadi coklat
kekuning-kuningan, kemudian berubah menjadi coklat tua. Akhirnya seluruh
permukaan daun berwarna coklat. Pengendalian: (1) pergiliran tanaman. (2)
mengatur kondisi lahan tidak lembab; (3) Prenventif diawal dengan GLIO<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyakit karat<i> (Rust)<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyebab: cendawan Puccinia sorghi Schw dan P.polypora
Underw. Gejala: pada tanaman dewasa, daun tua terdapat titik-titik noda
berwarna merah kecoklatan seperti karat serta terdapat serbuk berwarna kuning
kecoklatan, serbuk cendawan ini berkembang dan memanjang. Pengendalian: (1)
mengatur kelembaban; (2) menanam varietas tahan terhadap penyakit; (3) sanitasi
kebun; (4) semprot dengan GLIO.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyakit gosong bengkak <i>(Corn
smut/boil smut)<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyebab: cendawan Ustilago maydis (DC) Cda, Ustilago zeae
(Schw) Ung, Uredo zeae Schw, Uredo maydis DC. Gejala: masuknya cendawan ini ke
dalam biji pada tongkol sehingga terjadi pembengkakan dan mengeluarkan kelenjar
(gall), pembengkakan ini menyebabkan pembungkus rusak dan spora tersebar.
Pengendalian: (1) mengatur kelembaban; (2) memotong bagian tanaman dan dibakar;
(3) benih yang akan ditanam dicampur GLIO dan POC NASA.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyakit busuk tongkol dan busuk
biji<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyebab: cendawan Fusarium atau Gibberella antara lain
Gibberella zeae (Schw), Gibberella fujikuroi (Schw), Gibberella moniliforme.
Gejala: dapat diketahui setelah membuka pembungkus tongkol, biji-biji jagung
berwarna merah jambu atau merah kecoklatan kemudian berubah menjadi warna
coklat sawo matang. Pengendalian: (1) menanam jagung varietas tahan, pergiliran
tanam, mengatur jarak tanam, perlakuan benih; (2) GLIO di awal tanam.<br />
Catatan : Jika pengendalian hama penyakit dengan menggunakan pestisida alami
belum mengatasi dapat dipergunakan pestisida kimia yang dianjurkan. Agar
penyemprotan pestisida kimia lebih merata dan tidak mudah hilang oleh air hujan
tambahkan Perekat Perata AERO 810, dosis + 5 ml (1/2 tutup)/tangki.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Panen dan Pasca Panen<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ciri dan Umur Panen<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Umur panen + 86-96 hari setelah
tanam. Jagung untuk sayur (jagung muda, baby corn) dipanen sebelum bijinya
terisi penuh (diameter tongkol 1-2 cm), jagung rebus/bakar, dipanen ketika
matang susu dan jagung untuk beras jagung, pakan ternak, benih, tepung dll
dipanen jika sudah matang fisiologis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Cara Panen<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Putar tongkol berikut
kelobotnya/patahkan tangkai buah jagung.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></i></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengupasan<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dikupas saat masih menempel pada
batang atau setelah pemetikan selesai, agar kadar air dalam tongkol dapat
diturunkan sehingga cendawan tidak tumbuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></i></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengeringan<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengeringan jagung dengan sinar
matahari (+7-8 hari) hingga kadar air + 9% -11 % atau dengan mesin pengering.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i></b><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemipilan<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setelah kering dipipil dengan tangan atau alat pemipil
jagung.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i></b><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyortiran dan Penggolongan<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Biji-biji jagung dipisahkan dari kotoran atau apa saja yang
tidak dikehendaki (sisa-sisa tongkol, biji kecil, biji pecah, biji hampa, dll).
Penyortiran untuk menghindari serangan jamur, hama selama dalam penyimpanan dan
menaikkan kualitas panenan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB
III<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">MANFAAT
TANAMAN JAGUNG<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanaman jagung
sangat bermanfaat bagi kehidupan manusia dan hewan. Di Indonesia,jagung
merupakan komoditi tanaman pangan kedua terpenting setelah padi. Berdasarkan
urutan bahan makanan pokok di dunia,jagung menduduki urutan ke 3 setelah gandum
dan padi. Di daerah Madura,jagung banyak dimanfaatkan sebagai makanan pokok.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Akhir-akhir ini
tanaman jagung semakin meningkat penggunanya. Tanaman jagung banyak sekali
gunanya,sebab hamper seluruh bagian tanaman dapat dimanfaatkan untuk berbagai
macam keperluan antara lain:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Batang
dan daun muda : pakan ternak<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="l6"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Batang
dan daun tua (setelah panen) <span class="l6">pupuk hijau atau kompos<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .75pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Batang dan daun
kering: kayu bakar</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .75pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Batang jagung:
lanjaran (turus)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .75pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Batang jagung:
pulp (bahan kertas)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: 2.25pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Buah jagung
muda (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">putren
Jw): sayuran, bergedel, bakwan, sambel goring<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Biji jagung tua: peng</span></span><span class="l6"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">ganti
nasi, marning, brondong, roti jagung, tepung, bihun,</span></span><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">bahan campuran kopi bubuk, biskuit, kue kering,
pakan ternak, bahan bakuindustri bir, industri farmasi, dextrin, perekat,
industri textile</span></span><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daftar Pustaka<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">AAK.
(1993). Teknik Bercocok Tanam Jagung. Yogyakarta. Kanisius.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Balai
Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian (1998). Budidaya Kedelai dan
Jagung.Palangkaraya. Departemen Pertanian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Capricorn
Indo Consult. (1998). Studi Tentang Agroindustri & PemasaranJAGUNG &
KEDELAI di Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pusat
Penelitian dan Pengembangan Tanaman Pangan (1988). Jagung Bogor.Badan Penelitian
dan Pengembangan Pertaniane<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Saenong,
Sania. (1988). Teknologi Benih Jagung. Pusat Penelitian danPengembangan Tanaman
Pangan. Bogor. Badan Penelitian dan PengembanganPertanian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .75pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sutoro; Yogo Sulaeman; Iskandar. (1988). Pusat Penelitian
dan Pengembangan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanaman
Pangan. Bogor. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Warisno
(1998). Budidaya Jagung Hibrida. Yogyakarta. Kanisius<o:p></o:p></span></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07603932376022842245noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7997065121951304751.post-87719403871433745692012-08-04T03:04:00.003-07:002012-08-04T03:04:10.700-07:00IPTEK KES<br />
<h1 align="center" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB I<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<h1 align="center" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Latar
Belakang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Makalah ini saya buat berdasar kan tugas
dari dosen yang bersangkutan dengan tujuan agar saya bisa mengerti terlebih
dahulu tentang perdaban budaya,peradaban social ekonomi,peradab kluarga,
peradaban sehat dan sakit pada masyarakat modern dan tradisional dan peradaban
intergritas pelayanan kesehatan dan IPTEK KES pada </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">berbagai</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
social budaya masyarakat.makalah ini saya buat berdasarkan kerja saya sendiri.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tujuan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tujuan saya membuat makalah ini adalah
agar pembaca dapat lebih mengerti dengan menjabarkan beserta gamabar-gambar
tentang peradaban budaya,peradaban social ekonomi,peradaban kluarga,peradaban
sehat dan sakit pada masyarakat modern dan tradisional dan peradaban
intergritas pelayanan kesehatan dan IPTEK KES pada berbagai social budaya
masyarakat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<h1 align="center" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB II<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
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<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">GAMBARAN TENTANG PERADABAN BUDAYA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sejarah Cina</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> adalah salah satu sejarah </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebudayaan" title="Kebudayaan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kebudayaan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> tertua di </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunia" title="Dunia"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">dunia</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Dari penemuan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkeologi" title="Arkeologi"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">arkeologi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologi" title="Antropologi"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">antropologi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, daerah </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina" title="Cina"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Cina</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> telah didiami oleh </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusia_purba" title="Manusia purba"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">manusia purba</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> sejak 1,7 juta tahun yang lalu. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peradaban" title="Peradaban"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Peradaban</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Cina berawal dari berbagai </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara_kota" title="Negara kota"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">negara kota</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> di sepanjang lembah </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai_Kuning" title="Sungai Kuning"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Sungai Kuning</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> pada zaman </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolitikum" title="Neolitikum"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Neolitikum</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Sejarah tertulis Cina dimulai
sejak </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Shang" title="Dinasti Shang"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Dinasti Shang</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (k. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1750_SM&action=edit&redlink=1" title="1750 SM (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1750
SM</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
- </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1045_SM&action=edit&redlink=1" title="1045 SM (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1045
SM</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">).</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Cina#cite_note-state1-0"><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[1]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Cangkang </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kura-kura" title="Kura-kura"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kura-kura</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dengan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulisan_Cina" title="Tulisan Cina"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tulisan Cina</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> kuno yang berasal dari Dinasti
Shang memiliki </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penanggalan_radiokarbon" title="Penanggalan radiokarbon"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">penanggalan
radiokarbon</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> hingga </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1500_SM&action=edit&redlink=1" title="1500 SM (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1500
SM</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Cina#cite_note-1"><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[2]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budaya" title="Budaya"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Budaya</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sastra" title="Sastra"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sastra</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filsafat_Cina" title="Filsafat Cina"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">filsafat</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Cina berkembang pada zaman </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Zhou" title="Dinasti Zhou"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Dinasti Zhou</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1045_SM&action=edit&redlink=1" title="1045 SM (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1045
SM</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
hingga </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/256_SM" title="256 SM"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">256 SM</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">) yang melanjutkan Dinasti Shang.
Dinasti ini merupakan dinasti yang paling lama berkuasa dan pada zaman dinasti
inilah tulisan Cina modern mulai berkembang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dinasti
Zhou terpecah menjadi beberapa negara kota, yang menciptakan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periode_Negara_Perang" title="Periode Negara Perang"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Periode Negara
Perang</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.
Pada tahun </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/221_SM" title="221 SM"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">221 SM</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Qin Shi Huang"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Qin Shi Huang</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> menyatukan berbagai kerajaan ini
dan mendirikan kekaisaran pertama Cina. Pergantian </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_dalam_sejarah_Cina" title="Dinasti dalam sejarah Cina"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">dinasti dalam
sejarah Cina</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> telah mengembangkan suatu sistem birokrasi yang
memungkinkan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaisar_Cina" title="Kaisar Cina"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kaisar Cina</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> memiliki kendali langsung terhadap
wilayah yang luas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pandangan
konvensional terhadap sejarah Cina adalah bahwa Cina merupakan suatu negara
yang mengalami pergantian antara periode persatuan dan perpecahan politis yang
kadang-kadang dikuasai oleh orang-orang asing, yang sebagian besar
terasimiliasi ke dalam populasi </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Han" title="Suku Han"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Suku Han</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Pengaruh budaya dan politik dari
berbagai wilayah di Asia, yang dibawa oleh gelombang </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imigrasi" title="Imigrasi"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">imigrasi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, ekspansi, dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asimilasi" title="Asimilasi"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">asimilasi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang bergantian, menyatu untuk
membentuk </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budaya_Cina" title="Budaya Cina"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">budaya Cina</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> modern.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Homo erectus</span></i></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> telah mendiami daerah yang sekarang
dikenal sebagai Cina sejak zaman </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolitik" title="Paleolitik"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Paleolitik</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, lebih dari satu juta tahun yang
lalu </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Cina#cite_note-MagnetostratigraphicDating-2"><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[3]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Kajian menunjukkan bahwa peralatan
batu yang ditemukan di situs </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiaochangliang" title="Xiaochangliang"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Xiaochangliang</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> telah berumur 1,36 juta tahun </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Cina#cite_note-Xiaochangliang-3"><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[4]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Situs arkeologi </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xihoudu" title="Xihoudu"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Xihoudu</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> di provinsi </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Shanxi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> menunjukkan catatan paling awal
penggunaan api oleh </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Homo erectus</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, yang berumur 1,27 juta tahun yang
lalu </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Cina#cite_note-MagnetostratigraphicDating-2"><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[3]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Ekskavasi di </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuanmou" title="Yuanmou"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Yuanmou</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lantian" title="Lantian"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Lantian</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> menunjukkan pemukiman yang lebih
lampau. Spesimen <i>Homo erectus</i> paling terkenal yang ditemukan di Cina
adalah </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusia_Peking" title="Manusia Peking"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Manusia Peking</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang ditemukan pada tahun </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965" title="1965"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1965</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tiga
pecahan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tembikar" title="Tembikar"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tembikar</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang berasal dari 16500 dan 19000
SM ditemukan di Gua Liyuzui di Liuzhou, provinsi Guangxi <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkas:PeiligangCulture-RedPotWithTwoEars-ShanghaiMuseum-May27-08.jpg&filetimestamp=20110526132727"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><img alt="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/PeiligangCulture-RedPotWithTwoEars-ShanghaiMuseum-May27-08.jpg/125px-PeiligangCulture-RedPotWithTwoEars-ShanghaiMuseum-May27-08.jpg" border="0" height="135" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_1" width="125" /></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tembikar </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolitik" title="Neolitik"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Neolitik</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Cina.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Zaman
</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolitik" title="Neolitik"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Neolitik</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> di Cina dapat dilacak hingga 10.000
SM </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Cina#cite_note-neolithic_period_in_china-5"><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[6]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Bukti-bukti awal pertanian </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milet" title="Milet"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">milet</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> memiliki </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penanggalan_radiokarbon" title="Penanggalan radiokarbon"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">penanggalan
radiokarbon</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> sekitar 7000 SM </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Cina#cite_note-6"><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[7]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebudayaan_Peiligang" title="Kebudayaan Peiligang"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kebudayaan Peiligang</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> di </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinzheng" title="Xinzheng"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Xinzheng</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henan" title="Henan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Henan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> berhasil diekskavasi pada tahun </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977" title="1977"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1977</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Cina#cite_note-7"><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[8]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Dengan berkembangnya pertanian,
muncul peningkatan populasi, kemampuan menyimpan dan mendistribusikan hasil
panen, serta pengerajin dan pengelola </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Cina#cite_note-8"><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[9]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Pada akhir Neolitikum, lembah </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai_Kuning" title="Sungai Kuning"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Sungai Kuning</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> mulai berkembang menjadi pusat
kebudayaan dengan penemuan arkeologis signifikan ditemukan di </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banpo" title="Banpo"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Banpo</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Xi'an</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Cina#cite_note-9"><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[10]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Sungai Kuning dinamakan demikian
disebabkan terdapatnya debu sedimen (</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Loess&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Loess (halaman belum tersedia)"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">loess</span></i></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">) yang bertumpuk di tepi sungai dan
tanah sekitarnya, yang kemudian setelah terbenam di sungai menimbulkan warna
yang kekuning-kuningan pada air sungai tersebut.</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Cina#cite_note-10"><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[11]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sejarah
awal Cina dibuat rumit oleh kurangnya tulisan pada periode ini dan
dokumen-dokumen pada masa sesudahnya yang mencampurkan fakta dan fiksi pada
zaman ini. Pada 7000 SM, penduduk Cina bercocok tanam milet, menumbuhkan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebudayaan_Jiahu" title="Kebudayaan Jiahu"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kebudayaan Jiahu</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Di </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaidi" title="Damaidi"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Damaidi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> di </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Ningxia</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, ditemukan 3.172 lukisan gua
berasal dari 6000-5000 SM yang mirip dengan karakter-karakter awal yang
dikonfirmasi sebagai </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulisan_Cina" title="Tulisan Cina"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tulisan Cina</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Cina#cite_note-11"><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[12]</span></sup></a><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Cina#cite_note-12"><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[13]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebudayaan_Yangshao" title="Kebudayaan Yangshao"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kebudayaan Yangshao</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang muncul belakangan dilanjutkan
dengan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebudayaan_Longshan" title="Kebudayaan Longshan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kebudayaan Longshan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> pada sekitar 2500 SM.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">GAMBARAN TENTANG SOSIAL EKONOMI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Republik</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
R</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">a<b>kyat Cina</b> (<b>RRC</b>; <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Pinyin</span></a>:
Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó; <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanzi_tradisional" title="Hanzi tradisional"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Hanzi tradisional</span></a>:
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">中華人民共和國</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">;
<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanzi_Sederhana" title="Hanzi Sederhana"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Hanzi
Sederhana</span></a>: </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">中</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">华人民共和国</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">;
juga disebut <b>Republik Rakyat Tiongkok</b>/<b>RRT</b>) adalah sebuah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara_komunis" title="Negara komunis"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">negara
komunis</span></a> yang terdiri dari hampir seluruh wilayah kebudayaan,
sejarah, dan geografis yang dikenal sebagai <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina" title="Cina"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Cina</span></a>. Sejak didirikan pada
<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949" title="1949"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1949</span></a>, RRC telah dipimpin
oleh <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Komunis_Cina" title="Partai Komunis Cina"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Partai Komunis Cina</span></a> (PKC). Sekalipun seringkali
dilihat sebagai <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara_komunis" title="Negara komunis"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">negara komunis</span></a>, kebanyakan ekonomi republik ini
telah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swasta" title="Swasta"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">diswastakan</span></a>
sejak tiga dasawarsa yang lalu. Walau bagaimanapun, pemerintah masih mengawasi
ekonominya secara politik terutama dengan perusahaan-perusahaan milik
pemerintah dan sektor perbankan. Secara politik, ia masih tetap menjadi
pemerintahan satu partai.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">RRC
adalah negara dengan penduduk terbanyak di dunia, dengan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populasi" title="Populasi"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">populasi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> melebihi 1,3 miliar jiwa, yang
mayoritas merupakan bersuku bangsa </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han" title="Han"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Han</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. RRC juga adalah </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara" title="Negara"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">negara</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> terbesar di </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Timur" title="Asia Timur"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Asia Timur</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, dan ketiga terluas di dunia,
setelah </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Rusia</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kanada</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. RRC berbatasan dengan 14 negara: </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Afganistan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Bhutan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Myanmar</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">India</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kazakhstan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirgizia" title="Kirgizia"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kirgizia</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Utara" title="Korea Utara"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Korea Utara</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Laos</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mongolia</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Nepal</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Pakistan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Rusia</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Tajikistan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Vietnam</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam
suatu pertikaian yang terus berlangsung, RRC menuntut hak memerintah atas </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Taiwan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan pulau-pulau sekitarnya yang
tidak pernah dilepaskan oleh </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Cina" title="Republik Cina"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Republik Cina</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Pemerintah RRC mendakwa bahwa
Republik Cina merupakan suatu entitas yang tidak lagi wujud dan secara
administratif meletakkan Taiwan sebagai provinsi ke-23 RRC. (Lihat </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina" title="Cina"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Cina</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_politik_Taiwan" title="Status politik Taiwan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Status politik
Taiwan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
untuk informasi lebih lanjut).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">RRC
mengklaim kedaulatan terhadap </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Taiwan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> namun tidak memerintahnya (hal yang
sama juga berlaku terhadap </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pescadores" title="Pescadores"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Pescadores</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quemoy" title="Quemoy"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Quemoy</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepulauan_Matsu" title="Kepulauan Matsu"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Matsu</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">). </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_politik_Taiwan" title="Status politik Taiwan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Status politik
Taiwan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
merupakan hal yang kontroversial; Taiwan diperintah </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Cina" title="Republik Cina"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Republik Cina</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, yang kini berbasis di </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Taipei</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Republik Cina mengklaim kedaulatan
terhadap seluruh Cina daratan dan begitu juga dengan RRC.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina_Daratan" title="Cina Daratan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Cina Daratan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> merupakan istilah yang digunakan
untuk merujuk kepada kawasan di bawah pemerintahan RRC dan tidak termasuk
kawasan administrasi khusus </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Hong Kong</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau" title="Macau"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Macau</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Pemerintah RRC melihat
pemerintahannya di Cina sebagai <b>Tiongkok Baru</b> (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">新中国</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">) saat membandingkan dirinya dengan Cina sebelum tahun </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949" title="1949"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1949</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. RRC juga dijuluki sebagai "<b>Cina
Merah</b>" bagai kawasan yang sama, terutama oleh musuhnya di Barat,
dengan merujuk kepada warna merah yang merupakan lambang </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunis" title="Komunis"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">komunis</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sejarah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setelah
</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Dunia_II" title="Perang Dunia II"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Perang Dunia II</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Saudara_Cina" title="Perang Saudara Cina"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Perang Saudara Cina</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> antara </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Komunis_Cina" title="Partai Komunis Cina"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Partai Komunis Cina</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kuomintang</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> berakhir pada </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949" title="1949"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1949</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dengan pihak komunis menguasai </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina_Daratan" title="Cina Daratan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Cina Daratan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan Kuomintang menguasai </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Taiwan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan beberapa pulau-pulau lepas
pantai di </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Fujian</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Pada </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Oktober" title="1 Oktober"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1 Oktober</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 1949, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mao Zedong</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> memproklamasikan Republik Rakyat
Cina dan mendirikan sebuah </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara_komunis" title="Negara komunis"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">negara komunis</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_Cina#cite_note-Ref_d-0"><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[1]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Para
pendukung Era Maoisme, yang terdiri dari kebanyakan rakyat Cina miskin dan
lebih tradisionil atau nasionalis dan pemerhati asing yang percaya kepada
komunisme, mengatakan bahwa di bawah Mao, persatuan dan kedaulatan Cina dapat
dipastikan untuk pertama kalinya dalam beberapa dekade terakhir, dan terdapat
perkembangan infrastruktur, industri, kesehatan, dan pendidikan, yang mereka
percayai telah membantu meningkatkan standar hidup rakyat. Mereka juga yakin bahwa
kampanye seperti </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lompatan_Jauh_ke_Depan" title="Lompatan Jauh ke Depan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Lompatan Jauh ke
Depan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolusi_Kebudayaan" title="Revolusi Kebudayaan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Revolusi Kebudayaan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> penting dalam mempercepat
perkembangan Cina dan menjernihkan kebudayaan mereka. Pihak pendukung juga ragu
terhadap statistik dan kesaksian yang diberikan mengenai jumlah korban jiwa dan
kerusakan lainnya yang disebabkan kampanye Mao.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Meskipun
begitu, para kritikus rezim Mao, yang terdiri dari mayoritas analis asing dan
para peninjau serta beberapa rakyat Cina, khususnya para anggota kelas menengah
dan penduduk kota yang lebih terbuka pemikirannya, mengatakan bahwa
pemerintahan Mao membebankan pengawasan yang ketat terhadap kehidupan
sehari-hari rakyat, dan yakin bahwa kampanye seperti </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lompatan_Jauh_ke_Depan" title="Lompatan Jauh ke Depan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Lompatan Jauh ke
Depan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolusi_Kebudayaan" title="Revolusi Kebudayaan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Revolusi Kebudayaan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> berperan atau mengakibatkan
hilangnya jutaan jiwa, mendatangkan biaya ekonomi yang besar, dan merusak
warisan budaya Cina. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lompatan_Jauh_ke_Depan" title="Lompatan Jauh ke Depan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Lompatan Jauh ke
Depan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
pada khusunya, mendahului periode </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelaparan" title="Kelaparan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kelaparan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang besar di Cina yang, menurut </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat1."><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sumber-sumber</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Barat dan Timur yang dapat
dipercaya, mengakibatkan kematian 45 juta orang</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_Cina#cite_note-Akbar2010-1"><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[2]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">; kebanyakan analis Barat dan Cina
mengatakan ini disebabkan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lompatan_Jauh_ke_Depan" title="Lompatan Jauh ke Depan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Lompatan Jauh ke
Depan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
namun Mao dan lainnya mengatakan ini disebabkan musibah alam; ada juga yang
meragukan angka kematian tersebut, atau berkata bahwa lebih banyak orang mati
karena kelaparan atau sebab politis lainnya pada masa pemerintahan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Kai_Shek" title="Chiang Kai Shek"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Chiang Kai Shek</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setelah
kegagalan ekonomi pada awal </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960-an" title="1960-an"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1960-an</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Mao mundur dari jabatannya sebagai
ketua umum Cina. Kongres Rakyat Nasional melantik </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Liu Shaoqi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> sebagai pengganti Mao. Mao tetap
menjadi ketua partai namun dilepas dari tugas ekonomi sehari-hari yang
dikontrol dengan lebih lunak oleh </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Liu Shaoqi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Deng Xiaoping</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan lainnya yang memulai reformasi
keuangan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada
1966 Mao meluncurkan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolusi_Kebudayaan" title="Revolusi Kebudayaan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Revolusi Kebudayaan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, yang dilihat lawannya (termasuk
analis Barat dan banyak remaja Cina kala itu) sebagai balasan terhadap
rival-rivalnya dengan memobilisasi para remaja untuk mendukung pemikirannya dan
menyingkirkan kepemimpinan yang lunak pada saat itu, namun oleh pendukungnya
dipandang sebagai sebuah percobaan demokrasi langsung dan sebuah langkah asli
dalam menghilangkan korupsi dan pengaruh buruk lainnya dari masyarakat Cina.
Kekacauan pun timbul namun hal ini segera berkurang di bawah kepemimpinan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Zhou Enlai</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> di mana para kekuatan moderat
kembali memperoleh pengaruhnya. Setelah kematian Mao, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Deng Xiaoping</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> berhasil memperoleh kekuasaan dan
janda Mao, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Qing&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Jiang Qing (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Jiang
Qing</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
beserta rekan-rekannya, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kelompok_Empat&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Kelompok Empat (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kelompok
Empat</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
yang telah mengambil alih kekuasaan negara, ditangkap dan dibawa ke pengadilan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sejak
saat itu, pihak pemerintah telah secara bertahap (dan telah banyak) melunakkan
kontrol pemerintah terhadap kehidupan sehari-hari rakyatnya, dan telah memulai
perpindahan ekonomi Cina menuju sistem berbasiskan pasar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Para
pendukung reformasi keuangan – biasanya rakyat kelas menengah dan pemerhati
Barat berhaluan kiri-tengah dan kanan – menunjukkan bukti terjadinya
perkembangan pesat pada ekonomi di sektor konsumen dan ekspor, terciptanya </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kelas_menengah&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Kelas menengah (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kelas
menengah</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
(khususnya di kota pesisir di mana sebagian besar perkembangan industri
dipusatkan) yang kini merupakan 15% dari populasi, standar hidup yang kian
tinggi (diperlihatkan melalui peningkatan pesat pada GDP per kapita, belanja
konsumen, perkiraan umur, persentase baca-tulis, dan jumlah produksi beras) dan
hak dan kebebasan pribadi yang lebih luas untuk masyarakat biasa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">GAMBARAN TENTANG KELUARGA DI CHINA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perkahwinan Masyarakat Cina <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perkahwinan
Cina (</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit" title="Pinyin"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pinyin</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: hūn yīn) secara tradisi </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perkahwinan_yang_diatur&action=edit" title="Perkahwinan yang diatur"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">diatur antara
keluarga-keluarga berkenaan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Pada asalnya, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kebudayaan_Cina&action=edit" title="Kebudayaan Cina"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kebudayaan Cina</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> membenarkan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Percintaan&action=edit" title="Percintaan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">percintaan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, dengan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monogami&action=edit" title="Monogami"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">monogami</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> merupakan norma masyarakat etnik
Cina.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perkahwinan dalam konteks Konfusianisme<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam
pemikiran </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfusianisme" title="Konfusianisme"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Konfusianisme</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, perkahwinan merupakan suatu peristiwa
yang amat penting kepada kedua-dua unit </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keluarga" title="Keluarga"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">keluarga</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> serta </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masyarakat" title="Masyarakat"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">masyarakat</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Secara tradisi dalam kebudayaan
Cina, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inses" title="Inses"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">inses</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> telah ditakrifkan sebagai
perkahwinan antara dua orang dengan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nama_keluarga&action=edit" title="Nama keluarga"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">nama keluarga</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang sama. Dari sudut pandangan
sebuah keluarga yang menganuti Konfusianisme, perkahwinan merapatkan
keluarga-keluarga dengan nama keluarga yang berlainan dan meneruskan jurai
keturunan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klan_Cina&action=edit" title="Klan Cina"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">klan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> bapanya. Secara amnya, ini
merupakan sebab utama mengapa anak lelaki diutamakan berbanding dengan anak
perempuan ketika melahirkan anak. Oleh itu, manfaat dan kelemahan sesuatu
perkahwinan adalah penting kepada seluruh keluarga, bukannya sahaja kepada
pasangan yang berkenaan. Secara sosial, sepasang suami isteri dianggap sebagai
unit asas masyarakat Cina. Dalam </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_China" title="Sejarah China"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sejarah Cina</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, terdapat banyak perkahwinan yang
menjejaskan kestabilan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik" title="Politik"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">politik</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> negara dan hubungan-hubungan
antarabangsanya. Sejak zaman </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dinasti_Han&action=edit" title="Dinasti Han"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Dinasti Han</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, raja puak-puak asing yang kuat
seperti puak </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mongol&action=edit" title="Mongol"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mongol</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manchu&action=edit" title="Manchu"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Manchu</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xiongnu&action=edit" title="Xiongnu"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Xiongnu</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaum_Turki&action=edit" title="Kaum Turki"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Turki</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, sering menuntut
perempuan-perempuan daripada keluarga diraja Cina. Banyak zaman dalam sejarah
Cina juga dikuasai oleh keluarga isteri atau ibu Maharaja. Oleh itu,
perkahwinan kekadang juga berkait dengan politik.<a href="" name="Perkahwinan_Cina_prasejarah"></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perkahwinan Cina prasejarah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="" name="Perkahwinan_dalam_Masyarakat-masyarakat_"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perkahwinan dalam
Masyarakat-masyarakat Awal Dalam pemikiran Cina tradisional, orang-orang dalam
masyarakat "primitif" tidak </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perkahwinan" title="Perkahwinan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">berkahwin</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, tetapi melakukan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubungan_seks" title="Hubungan seks"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">hubungan seks</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> antara satu sama lain secara
sembarangan. Mereka dianggap sebagai menghidup seperti haiwan-</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiwan" title="Haiwan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">haiwan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang lain, dan tidak mempunyai
konsep yang tepat terhadap keibuan, kebapaan, adik-beradik, suami dan isteri,
serta jantina, apa lagi tentang </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Penjodohan&action=edit" title="Penjodohan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">penjodohan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upacara_perkahwinan&action=edit" title="Upacara perkahwinan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">upacara perkahwinan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Sebahagian daripada "misi
peradaban" </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfusianisme" title="Konfusianisme"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Konfusianisme</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> adalah untuk mentakrifkan apa yang
dimaksudkan dengan konsep bapa atau suami, serta untuk mengajar manusia
menghormati hubungan yang wajar antara ahli-ahli keluarga dan mengawal </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tingkah_laku_seks_manusia" title="Tingkah laku seks manusia"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tingkah laku seks</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="" name="Perkahwinan_antara_adik-beradik"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perkahwinan antara adik-beradik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perkahwinan
antara adik-beradik, walaupun dilarang dalam </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kebudayaan_Cina&action=edit" title="Kebudayaan Cina"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kebudayaan Cina</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, pernah dilaporkan dalam </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mitologi_Cina&action=edit" title="Mitologi Cina"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">mitologi Cina</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang amat awal. Terdapat sebuah
cerita tentang perkahwinan antara </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N%C3%BCwa&action=edit" title="Nüwa"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Nüwa</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (perempuan) dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fu_Xi&action=edit" title="Fu Xi"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Fu Xi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (lelaki) yang merupakan
adik-beradik. Ketika itu, dunia masih tidak mempunyai banyak penduduk. Adik
beradik itu hendak berkahwin tetapi mereka berasa malu. Oleh itu, mereka ke
bukit </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kunlun_Shan&action=edit" title="Kunlun Shan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kunlun Shan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan berdoa kepada Syurga agar
memberikan kebenaran untuk mereka berkahwin. Mereka berkata, "Jika Engkau
membenarkan kami berkahwin, sila menyelubungi kami dengan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kabus&action=edit" title="Kabus"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kabus</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Supaya dapat melindungi rasa
malunya, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N%C3%BCwa&action=edit" title="Nüwa"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Nüwa</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dikatakan melitupi mukanya dengan
kipas. Pada hari ini di </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">China</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, pengantin-</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pengantin_perempuan&action=edit" title="Pengantin perempuan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pengantin perempuan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> masih mengamalkan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adat_resam&action=edit" title="Adat resam"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">adat resam</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang menyembunyikan muka mereka
dengan sebuah kipas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="" name="Perkahwinan_antara_klan_dan_perkahwinan_"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perkahwinan antara klan dan perkahwinan antithesis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam
masyarakat Cina, lelaki tidak dibenarkan berkahwin dengan perempuan yang
mempunyai nama keluarga yang sama (ini tidak lagi diendahkan pada zaman
baru-baru ini ketika jumlah penduduk Cina bertambah sehingga mereka yang
mempunyai nama keluarga yang sama mungkin tidak mempunyai sebarang hubungan
antara satu sama lain). Perkahwinan tersebut diperlihatkan sebagai </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inses" title="Inses"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">inses</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan dianggap akan membawa risiko
terhadap kelahiran anak yang cacat. Bagaimanapun, perkahwinan antara seorang
anak lelaki dengan saudara-saudara sebelah ibunya tidak diperlihatkan sebagai
inses. Klan-klan yang berbeza mungkin mempunyai lebih daripada satu nama
keluarga. Dari segi sejarah, terdapat banyak klan yang penting yang tinggal di
sepanjang </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sungai_Kuning&action=edit" title="Sungai Kuning"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Sungai Kuning</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> di China kuno, seperti puak </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huang_Di&action=edit" title="Huang Di"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Huang Di</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang mempunyai nama keluarga Ji,
nama keluarga orang biasa, dan puak </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yan_Di&action=edit" title="Yan Di"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Yan Di</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang mempunyai nama keluarga Jiang.
Oleh sebab perkahwinan dengan saudara-saudara sebelah ibu tidak dianggap
sebagai inses, keluarga-keluarga itu kekadang berkahwin antara satu generasi
dengan generasi yang lain.<br />
Dengan masa berlalu, perpindahan orang-orang Cina semakin meningkat.
Pasangan-pasangan berkahwin dalam apa yang dipanggil perkahwinan luar klan,
atau lebih dikenali sebagai perkahwinan antitesis. Ini terjadi pada pertengahan
</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zaman_Batu_Baru&action=edit" title="Zaman Batu Baru"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Zaman Batu Baru</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, iaitu sekitar </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milenium_ke-5_SM" title="Milenium ke-5 SM"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">5000 SM</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Menurut cendekiawan-cendekiawan
Cina moden daripada aliran fikiran </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxisme" title="Marxisme"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Marxisme</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sistem_saka&action=edit" title="Sistem saka"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sistem saka</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (iaitu sistem kuasa ibu) diamalkan
dalam masyarakat ketika itu, dan suami-suami diperlukan tinggal dengan keluarga
isterinya. Bagaimanapun, lelaki itu masih merupakan ahli keluarga kandung
mereka.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Apabila suami isteri meninggal dunia, mereka
dikebumikan secara berasingan di dalam </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perkuburan&action=edit" title="Perkuburan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">perkuburan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> klan masing-masing. Anak-anak
dikebumikan dengan ibu mereka.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perkahwinan
antitesis masih berlaku di China moden. Di </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit" title="Yunnan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Yunnan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, lelaki dan perempuan dalam
kelompok minoriti yang dikenali sebagai </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nakhi&action=edit" title="Nakhi"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Nakhi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> membentuk pasangan sementara dan
mereka menggelar satu sama lain sebagai "Ahchu" dan bukannya
"suami dan isteri". "Ahchu" lelaki tinggal dan bekerja di
rumah "Ahchu" perempuan.<a href="" name="Perkahwinan_sistem_saka_dan_monogami"></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perkahwinan sistem saka dan monogami<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam
perkahwinan sistem saka, seorang lelaki yang menjadi menantu akan tinggal di
dalam rumah isterinya. Dia juga diperlukan menukarkan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nama_keluarga&action=edit" title="Nama keluarga"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">nama keluarganya</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> menjadi nama keluarga isterinya.
Ini berlaku dalam peralihan daripada perkahwinan antitesis kepada </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monogami&action=edit" title="Monogami"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">monogami</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang menandakan kemerosotan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sistem_saka&action=edit" title="Sistem saka"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sistem saka</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> serta pertumbuhan penguasaan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sistem_baka&action=edit" title="Sistem baka"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sistem baka</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (iaitu sistem kuasa bapa) di China
kuno.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="" name="Upacara_amal_perkahwinan_tradisional"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">f.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Upacara amal perkahwinan tradisional<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perkahwinan
Cina menjadi satu adat resam antara tahun </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/402_SM" title="402 SM"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">402</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> - </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/221_SM" title="221 SM"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">221 SM</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Sebelum zaman moden, perempuan
tidak dibenarkan memilih pasangan untuk berkahwin. Sebaliknya, keluarga
pengantin perempuan memilih bakal suaminya. Perkahwinan dipilih berdasarkan
keperluan untuk </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembiakan" title="Pembiakan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pembiakan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan nama baik keluarga, serta
keperluan bapa dan suaminya.<br />
Walaupun China mempunyai sejarah yang lama serta banyak kawasan geografi yang
berbeza, terdapat enam upacara amal pada umumnya yang secara am dikenali
sebagai tiga askara dan enam etiket.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perarakan
perkahwinan tradisonal Cina. Pinangan: Ketika ibu bapa seorang anak lelaki
menentukan bakal menantu perempuan, mereka akan mencari </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tukang_risik&action=edit" title="Tukang risik"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tukang risik</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang kerjanya adalah untuk
mengurangkan konflik kepentingan serta rasa malu ketika membincangkan
kemungkinan perkahwinan antara dua buah keluarga yang biasanya tidak rapat atau
langsung dikenali.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembandingan
Hari Jadi: Jika keluarga bakal menantu perempuan tidak membantah terhadap
pinangan, tukang risik akan membandingkan hari jadi pasangan tersebut. Jika
pasangan itu adalah sesuai menurut </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astrologi_Cina&action=edit" title="Astrologi Cina"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">astrologi Cina</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, mereka akan meneruskan ke langkah
yang berikut.<br />
</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harga_pengantin_perempuan&action=edit" title="Harga pengantin perempuan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Harga pengantin
perempuan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
(Hadiah Pertunangan): Keluarga anak lelaki akan mengatur tukang risik untuk
menyampaikan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harga_pengantin_perempuan&action=edit" title="Harga pengantin perempuan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">harga pengantin
perempuan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
(hadiah pertunangan), termasuk surat pertunangan) kepada keluarga bakal
pengantin perempuan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyampaian
Hadiah Perkahwinan: Hadiah perkahwinan berbeza-berbeza, bergantung kepada adat
resam tempatan serta kekayaan keluarga. Makanan dan makanan istimewa merupakan
hadiah yang biasa.<br />
Pemilihan Hari Perkahwinan: </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Takwim_Cina&action=edit" title="Takwim Cina"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Takwim Cina</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> akan dirujuk untuk menetapkan hari
yang bertuah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Upacara
Perkahwinan: Upacara terakhir ialah upacara perkahwinan sebenar yang menjadikan
pengantin perempuan dan pengantin lelaki sebagai suami isteri, dan terdiri
daripada beberapa bahagian yang teliti:<br />
Perarakan Perkahwinan: Perarakan perkahwinan dari rumah pengantin perempuan
bergerak ke rumah pengantin lelaki. Perarakan itu terdiri daripada sebuah tandu
pengantin perempuan, sebuah pancaragam tradisional, sepasukan pengapit
pengantin perempuan (jika ada), serta </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hantaran_kahwin&action=edit" title="Hantaran kahwin"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">hantaran kahwin</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> pengantin perempuan dalam bentuk
wang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyambutan
Pengantin Perempuan: Perarakan perkahwinan berhenti di hadapan pintu rumah
pengantin lelaki. Terdapat upacara-upacara tertentu yang dipatuhi untuk
menyambut pengantin perempuan dan ahli-ahli perarakan ke dalam rumah pengantin
lelaki. Upacara-upacara tersebut berbeza-beza dari tempat ke tempat. Upacara
Perkahwinan Sebenar: Sepadan dengan melafazkan ikrar perkahwinan di Barat,
pasangan akan memberi penghormatan-penghormatan kepada Syurga dan Bumi, ibu
bapa pengantin lelaki, serta antara satu sama lain.<br />
</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jamuan_perkahwinan&action=edit" title="Jamuan perkahwinan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Jamuan Perkahwinan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: Dalam masyarakat Cina, jamuan
perkahwinan dikenali sebagai xǐ-jǐu yang secara harfiahnya bermaksud "wain
kegembiraan", dan kekadang adalah jauh lebih penting daripada majlis
perkahwinan pada dirinya. Adanya juga upacara-upacara seperti menuang wain atau
teh untuk ibu bapa, pasangan, dan para tetamu.<a href="" name="Proses_penceraian_tradisional"></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">GAMBARAN TENTANG PERADABAN PERILAKU
SEHAT DAN SAKIT PADA MASYARAKAT MODERN DAN TRADISIONAL<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Pembangunan kesehatan sebagai salah satu upaya pembangunan nasional
diarahkan guna ercapainya kesadaran, kemauan, dan kemampuan untuk hidup sehat
bagi setiap penduduk agar dapat mewujudkan derajat kesehatan yang optimal. Dan
kesehatan yang demikian yang menjadi dambaan setiap orang sepanjang hidupnya.
Tetapi datangnya penyakit merupakan hal yang tidak bisa ditolak meskipun
kadang-kadang bisa dicegah atau dihindari. Konsep sehat dan sakit sesungguhnya
tidak terlalu mutlak dan universal karena ada faktor-faktor lain di luar
kenyataan klinis yang mempengaruhinya terutama faktor sosial budaya. Kedua pengertian
saling mempengaruhi dan pengertian yang satu hanya dapat dipahami dalam konteks
pengertian yang lain.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Banyak ahli filsafat, biologi, antropologi, sosiologi, kedokteran,
dan lain-lain bidang ilmu pengetahuan telah mencoba memberikan pengertian
tentang konsep sehat dan sakit ditinjau dari masing-masing disiplin ilmu.
Masalah sehat dan sakit merupakan proses yang berkaitan dengan kemampuan atau
ketidakmampuan manusia beradap-tasi dengan lingkungan baik secara biologis,
psikologis maupun sosio budaya. UU No.23,1992 tentang Kesehatan menyatakan
bahwa : Kesehatan adalah keadaan sejahtera dari badan, jiwa dan sosial yang
memungkinkan hidup produktif secara sosial dan ekonomi.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Dalam pengertian ini maka kesehatan harus dilihat sebagai satu
kesatuan yang utuh terdiri dari unsur-unsur fisik, mental dan sosial dan di
dalamnya kesehatan jiwa merupakan bagian integral kesehatan. Definisi sakit:
seseorang dikatakan sakit apabila ia menderita penyakit menahun (kronis), atau
gangguan kesehatan lain yang menyebabkan aktivitas kerja/kegiatannya terganggu.
Walaupun seseorang sakit (istilah sehari-hari) seperti masuk angin, pilek,
tetapi bila ia tidak terganggu untuk melaksanakan kegiatannya, maka ia dianggap
tidak sakit.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">MASALAH SEHAT DAN SAKIT<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Masalah kesehatan merupakan masalah kompleks yang merupakan
resultante dari berbagai masalah lingkungan yang bersifat alamiah maupun
masalah buatan manusia, sosial budaya, perilaku, populasi penduduk, genetika,
dan sebagainya. Derajat kesehatan masyarakat yang disebut sebagai psycho socio
somatic health well being, merupakan resultante dari 4 faktor yaitu :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Environment atau lingkungan.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Behaviour atau perilaku, Antara
yang pertama dan kedua dihubungkan dengan ecological balance.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Heredity atau keturunan yang
dipengaruhi oleh populasi, distribusi penduduk, dan sebagainya.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Health care service berupa
program kesehatan yang bersifat preventif, promotif, kuratif, dan
rehabilitatif.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Dari empat faktor tersebut di atas, lingkungan dan perilaku
merupakan faktor yang paling besar pengaruhnya (dominan) terhadap tinggi
rendahnya derajat kesehatan masyarakat. Tingkah laku sakit, peranan sakit dan
peranan pasien sangat dipengaruhi oleh faktor-faktor seperti kelas sosial,
perbedaan suku bangsa dan budaya. Maka ancaman kesehatan yang sama (yang
ditentukan secara klinis), bergantung dari variabel-variabel tersebut dapat
menimbulkan reaksi yang berbeda di kalangan pasien.<br />
Pengertian sakit menurut etiologi naturalistik dapat dijelaskan dari segi
impersonal dan sistematik, yaitu bahwa sakit merupakan satu keadaan atau satu
hal yang disebabkan oleh gangguan terhadap sistem tubuh manusia. Pernyataan
tentang pengetahuan ini dalam tradisi klasik Yunani, India, Cina, menunjukkan
model keseimbangan (equilibrium model) seseorang dianggap sehat apabila
unsur-unsur utama yaitu panas dingin dalam tubuhnya berada dalam keadaan yang
seimbang. Unsur-unsur utama ini tercakup dalam konsep tentang humors, ayurveda
dosha, yin dan yang. Departemen Kesehatan RI telah mencanangkan kebijakan baru
berdasarkan paradigma sehat.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Paradigma sehat <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Cara pandang atau pola pikir pembangunan kesehatan yang bersifat
holistik, proaktif antisipatif, dengan melihat masalah kesehatan sebagai
masalah yang dipengaruhi oleh banyak faktor secara dinamis dan lintas sektoral,
dalam suatu wilayah yang berorientasi kepada peningkatan pemeliharaan dan
perlindungan terhadap penduduk agar tetap sehat dan bukan hanya penyembuhan
penduduk yang sakit. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Pada intinya paradigma sehat memberikan perhatian utama terhadap
kebijakan yang bersifat pencegahan dan promosi kesehatan, memberikan dukungan
dan alokasi sumber daya untuk menjaga agar yang sehat tetap sehat namun tetap
mengupayakan yang sakit segera sehat. Pada prinsipnya kebijakan tersebut
menekankan pada masyarakat untuk mengutamakan kegiatan kesehatan dari pada
mengobati penyakit. Telah dikembangkan pengertian tentang penyakit yang
mempunyai konotasi biomedik dan sosio kultural<br />
Dalam bahasa Inggris dikenal kata disease dan illness sedangkan dalam bahasa
Indonesia, kedua pengertian itu dinamakan penyakit. Dilihat dari segi sosio
kultural terdapat perbedaan besar antara kedua pengertian tersebut. Dengan
disease dimaksudkan gangguan fungsi atau adaptasi dari proses-proses biologik
dan psikofisiologik pada seorang individu, dengan illness dimaksud reaksi
personal, interpersonal, dan kultural terhadap penyakit atau perasaan kurang
nyaman. Para dokter mendiagnosis dan mengobati disease, sedangkan pasien
mengalami illness yang dapat disebabkan oleh disease illness tidak selalu
disertai kelainan organik maupun fungsional tubuh.<br />
Tulisan ini merupakan tinjauan pustaka yang membahas pengetahuan sehat-sakit
pada aspek sosial budaya dan perilaku manusia; serta khusus pada interaksi
antara beberapa aspek ini yang mempunyai pengaruh pada kesehatan dan penyakit.
Dalam konteks kultural, apa yang disebut sehat dalam suatu kebudayaan belum
tentu disebut sehat pula dalam kebudayaan lain. Di sini tidak dapat diabaikan
adanya faktor penilaian atau faktor yang erat hubungannya dengan sistem nilai.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">E.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PERADABAN INTERGRITAS </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">KESEHATAN DAN IPTEK KES
DI BERBAGAI SOSIAL BUDAYA</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Istilah
sehat mengandung banyak muatan kultural, sosial dan pengertian profesional yang
beragam. Dulu dari sudut pandangan kedokteran, sehat sangat erat kaitannya
dengan kesakitan dan penyakit. Dalam kenyataannya tidaklah sesederhana itu,
sehat harus dilihat dari berbagai aspek. WHO melihat sehat dari berbagai aspek.<br />
Definisi WHO (1981): Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social
well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. WHO
mendefinisikan pengertian sehat sebagai suatu keadaan sempurna baik jasmani,
rohani, maupun kesejahteraan sosial seseorang. Sebatas mana seseorang dapat
dianggap sempurna jasmaninya, Oleh para ahli kesehatan, antropologi kesehatan
dipandang sebagai disiplin biobudaya yang memberi perhatian pada aspek-aspek
biologis dan sosial budaya dari tingkah laku manusia, terutama tentang
cara-cara interaksi antara keduanya sepanjang sejarah kehidupan manusia yang
mempengaruhi kesehatan dan penyakit. Penyakit sendiri ditentukan oleh budaya:
hal ini karena penyakit merupakan pengakuan sosial bahwa seseorang tidak dapat
menjalankan peran normalnya secara wajar. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cara
hidup dan gaya hidup manusia merupakan fenomena yang dapat dikaitkan dengan
munculnya berbagai macam penyakit, selain itu hasil berbagai kebudayaan juga
dapat menimbulkan penyakit. Masyarakat dan pengobat tradisional menganut dua
konsep penyebab sakit, yaitu: Naturalistik dan Personalistik. Penyebab bersifat
Naturalistik yaitu seseorang menderita sakit akibat pengaruh lingkungan,
makanan (salah makan), kebiasaan hidup, ketidak seimbangan dalam tubuh,
termasuk juga kepercayaan panas dingin seperti masuk angin dan penyakit bawaan.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Konsep sehat sakit yang dianut
pengobat tradisional (Battra) sama dengan yang dianut masyarakat setempat,
yakni suatu keadaan yang berhubungan dengan keadaan badan atau kondisi tubuh
kelainan-kelainan serta gejala yang dirasakan. Sehat bagi seseorang berarti
suatu keadaan yang normal, wajar, nyaman, dan dapat melakukan aktivitas
sehari-hari dengan gairah. Sedangkan sakit dianggap sebagai suatu keadaan badan
yang kurang menyenangkan, bahkan dirasakan sebagai siksaan sehingga menyebabkan
seseorang tidak dapat menjalankan aktivitas sehari-hari seperti halnya orang
yang sehat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sedangkan konsep Personalistik
menganggap munculnya penyakit (illness) disebabkan oleh intervensi suatu agen
aktif yang dapat berupa makhluk bukan manusia (hantu, roh, leluhur atau roh
jahat), atau makhluk manusia (tukang sihir, tukang tenung).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Menelusuri nilai budaya, misalnya
mengenai pengenalan kusta dan cara perawatannya. Kusta telah dikenal oleh etnik
Makasar sejak lama. Adanya istilah kaddala sikuyu (kusta kepiting) dan kaddala
massolong (kusta yang lumer), merupakan ungkapan yang mendukung bahwa kusta
secara endemik telah berada dalam waktu yang lama di tengah-tengah masyarakat
tersebut.<br />
Hasil penelitian kualitatif dan
kuantitatif atas nilai-nilai budaya di Kabupaten Soppeng, dalam kaitannya
dengan penyakit kusta (Kaddala,Bgs.) di masyarakat Bugis menunjukkan bahwa
timbul dan diamalkannya leprophobia secara ketat karena menurut salah seorang
tokoh budaya, dalam nasehat perkawinan orang-orang tua di sana, kata kaddala
ikut tercakup di dalamnya. Disebutkan bahwa bila terjadi pelanggaran melakukan
hubungan intim saat istri sedang haid, mereka (kedua mempelai) akan terkutuk
dan menderita kusta/kaddala. Ide yang bertujuan guna terciptanya moral yang
agung di keluarga baru, berkembang menuruti proses komunikasi dalam masyarakat
dan menjadi konsep penderita kusta sebagai penanggung dosa. Pengertian
penderita sebagai akibat dosa dari ibu-bapak merupakan awal derita akibat
leprophobia. Rasa rendah diri penderita dimulai dari rasa rendah diri keluarga
yang merasa tercemar bila salah seorang anggota keluarganya menderita kusta.
Dituduh berbuat dosa melakukan hubungan intim saat istri sedang haid bagi
seorang fanatik Islam dirasakan sebagai beban trauma psikosomatik yang sangat
berat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Orang tua, keluarga sangat menolak
anaknya didiagnosis kusta. Pada penelitian Penggunaan Pelayanan Kesehatan Di
Propinsi Kalimantan Timur dan Nusa Tenggara Barat (1990), hasil diskusi
kelompok di Kalimantan Timur menunjukkan bahwa anak dinyatakan sakit jika
menangis terus, badan berkeringat, tidak mau makan, tidak mau tidur, rewel,
kurus kering. Bagi orang dewasa, seseorang dinyatakan sakit kalau sudah tidak
bisa bekerja, tidak bisa berjalan, tidak enak badan, panas dingin, pusing,
lemas, kurang darah, batuk-batuk, mual, diare. Sedangkan hasil diskusi kelompok
di Nusa Tenggara Barat menunjukkan bahwa anak sakit dilihat dari keadaan fisik
tubuh dan tingkah lakunya yaitu jika menunjukkan gejala misalnya panas, batuk
pilek, mencret, muntah-muntah, gatal, luka, gigi bengkak, badan kuning, kaki
dan perut bengkak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Seorang pengobat tradisional yang
juga menerima pandangan kedokteran modern, mempunyai pengetahuan yang menarik
mengenai masalah sakit-sehat. Baginya, arti sakit adalah sebagai berikut: sakit
badaniah berarti ada tanda-tanda penyakit di badannya seperti panas tinggi,
penglihatan lemah, tidak kuat bekerja, sulit makan, tidur terganggu, dan badan
lemah atau sakit, maunya tiduran atau istirahat saja. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Pada penyakit batin tidak ada tanda-tanda di badannya, tetapi bisa
diketahui dengan menanyakan pada yang gaib. Pada orang yang sehat, gerakannya
lincah, kuat bekerja, suhu badan normal, makan dan tidur normal, penglihatan
terang, sorot mata cerah, tidak mengeluh lesu, lemah, atau sakit-sakit badan.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Sudarti (1987) menggambarkan secara deskriptif persepsi masyarakat
beberapa daerah di Indonesia mengenai sakit dan penyakit; masyarakat menganggap
bahwa sakit adalah keadaan individu mengalami serangkaian gangguan fisik yang
menimbulkan rasa tidak nyaman. Anak yang sakit ditandai dengan tingkah laku
rewel, sering menangis dan tidak nafsu makan. Orang dewasa dianggap sakit jika
lesu, tidak dapat bekerja, kehilangan nafsu makan, atau “kantong kering” (tidak
punya uang). Selanjutnya masyarakat menggolongkan penyebab sakit ke dalam 3
bagian yaitu :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Karena pengaruh gejala alam
(panas, dingin) terhadap tubuh manusia</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Makanan yang diklasifikasikan
ke dalam makanan panas dan dingin.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Supranatural (roh, guna-guna,
setan dan lain-lain.).</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Untuk mengobati sakit yang termasuk dalam golongan pertama dan ke
dua, dapat digunakan obat-obatan, ramuan-ramuan, pijat, kerok, pantangan makan,
dan bantuan tenaga kesehatan. Untuk penyebab sakit yang ke tiga harus
dimintakan bantuan dukun, kyai dan lain-lain. Dengan demikian upaya
penanggulangannya tergantung kepada kepercayaan mereka terhadap penyebab sakit.
Beberapa contoh penyakit pada bayi dan anak sebagai berikut :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Sakit demam dan panas.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Penyebabnya adalah perubahan cuaca, kena hujan, salah makan, atau
masuk angin. Pengobatannya adalah dengan cara mengompres dengan es, oyong, labu
putih yang dingin atau beli obat influensa. Di Indramayu dikatakan penyakit
adem meskipun gejalanya panas tinggi, supaya panasnya turun. Penyakit tampek
(campak) disebut juga sakit adem karena gejalanya badan panas.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Sakit mencret (diare).</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Penyebabnya adalah salah makan, makan kacang terlalu banyak, makan
makanan pedas, makan udang, ikan, anak meningkat kepandaiannya, susu ibu basi,
encer, dan lain-lain. Penanggulangannya dengan obat tradisional misalkan dengan
pucuk daun jambu dikunyah ibunya lalu diberikan kepada anaknya (Bima Nusa
Tenggara Barat) obat lainnya adalah Larutan Gula Garam (LGG), Oralit, pil Ciba
dan lain-lain. Larutan Gula Garam sudah dikenal hanya proporsi campurannya
tidak tepat.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Sakit kejang-kejang</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Masyarakat pada umumnya menyatakan bahwa sakit panas dan
kejang-kejang disebabkan oleh hantu. Di Sukabumi disebut hantu gegep, sedangkan
di Sumatra Barat disebabkan hantu jahat. Di Indramayu pengobatannya adalah
dengan dengan pergi ke dukun atau memasukkan bayi ke bawah tempat tidur yang
ditutupi jaring.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Sakit tampek (campak)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Penyebabnya adalah karena anak terkena panas dalam, anak dimandikan
saat panas terik, atau kesambet. Di Indramayu ibu-ibu mengobatinya dengan
membalur anak dengan asam kawak, meminumkan madu dan jeruk nipis atau
memberikan daun suwuk, yang menurut kepercayaan dapat mengisap penyakit.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">e.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kejadian Penyakit</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Penyakit merupakan suatu fenomena kompleks yang berpengaruh negatif
terhadap kehidupan manusia. Perilaku dan cara hidup manusia dapat merupakan
penyebab bermacam-macam penyakit baik di zaman primitif maupun di masyarakat
yang sudah sangat maju peradaban dan kebudayaannya. Ditinjau dari segi biologis
penyakit merupakan kelainan berbagai organ tubuh manusia, sedangkan dari segi
kemasyarakatan keadaan sakit dianggap sebagai penyimpangan perilaku dari
keadaan sosial yang normatif. Penyimpangan itu dapat disebabkan oleh kelainan
biomedis organ tubuh atau lingkungan manusia, tetapi juga dapat disebabkan oleh
kelainan emosional dan psikososial individu bersangkutan. Faktor emosional dan
psikososial ini pada dasarnya merupakan akibat dari lingkungan hidup atau
ekosistem manusia dan adat kebiasaan manusia atau kebudayaan.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Konsep kejadian penyakit menurut ilmu kesehatan bergantung jenis
penyakit. Secara umum konsepsi ini ditentukan oleh berbagai faktor antara lain
parasit, vektor, manusia dan lingkungannya. Para ahli antropologi kesehatan
yang dari definisinya dapat disebutkan berorientasi ke ekologi, menaruh
perhatian pada hubungan timbal balik antara manusia dan lingkungan alamnya,
tingkah laku penyakitnya dan cara-cara tingkah laku penyakitnya mempengaruhi
evolusi kebudayaannya melalui proses umpan balik (Foster, Anderson, 1978).</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Penyakit dapat dipandang sebagai suatu unsur dalam lingkungan
manusia, seperti tampak pada ciri sel-sabit (sickle-cell) di kalangan penduduk
Afrika Barat, suatu perubahan evolusi yang adaptif, yang memberikan imunitas
relatif terhadap malaria. Ciri sel sabit sama sekali bukan ancaman, bahkan
merupakan karakteristik yang diinginkan karena memberikan proteksi yang tinggi
terhadap gigitan nyamuk Anopheles.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Bagi masyarakat Dani di Papua, penyakit dapat merupakan simbol
sosial positif, yang diberi nilai-nilai tertentu. Etiologi penyakit dapat
dijelaskan melalui sihir, tetapi juga sebagai akibat dosa. Simbol sosial juga
dapat merupakan sumber penyakit. Dalam peradaban modern, keterkaitan antara
simbol-simbol sosial dan risiko kesehatan sering tampak jelas, misalnya remaja
merokok.<br />
Suatu kajian hubungan antara psikiatri dan antropologi dalam konteks perubahan
sosial ditulis oleh Rudi Salan (1994), berdasarkan pengalaman sendiri sebagai
psikiater; salah satu kasusnya sebagai berikut : Seorang perempuan yang sudah
cukup umur reumatiknya diobati hanya dengan vitamin dan minyak ikan saja dan
percaya penyakitnya akan sembuh. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Menurut pasien penyakitnya disebabkan karena “darah kotor” oleh
karena itu satu-satunya jalan penyembuhan adalah dengan makan makanan yang
bersih , yaitu `mutih’ (ditambah vitamin seperlunya agar tidak kekurangan
vitamin) sampai darahnya menjadi bersih kembali. Bagi seorang dokter pendapat
itu tidak masuk akal, tetapi begitulah kenyataan yang ada dalam masyarakat.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB III<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">PENUNUTUP<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kesimpulan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Demekian makalah tentang menjelaskan
peradaban budaya,peradaban social ekonomi,peradaban keluarga,perdaban perilaku
sehat dan sakit pada masyarakat modern dn tradisional dan peradaban intergritas
pelayanan kesehatan dan IPTEK KES pada berbagai social budaya mayarakat.Saya
buat semoga dapat berguna bagi kita semua.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">‘’ Buku Makalah
Tentang Peradaban Budaya Di China Dan Perdaban Sosial Ekonomi Di China,peradaban
keluarga,peradaban perilaku sehat san sakit pada masyarakat modern dan
tradisional dan peradaban intergrtas pelayanan kesehatan dan IPTEK KES pada
berbagai social budaya masyarakat ‘’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 19.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">MAKALAH TRANSKULTURAL</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 17.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 17.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></h1>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">(Makalah ini
diajukan untuk memenuhi tugas Transkultural)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="177" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1026" width="184" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Disusun oleh:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></h1>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">AHMAD RIPAI<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">NIM:
4201.0111.A.003<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">DOSEN: ASIAH, S.Kep, Ners<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Prodi: </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">S1 KEPERAWATAN</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">SEKOLAH
TINGGI ILMU KESEHATAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">STIKes
CIREBON<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Jl.Brigjen
Dharsono No. 12 B Cirebon Telp. (0231) 247852<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Email : </span></b><span lang="EN-US"><a href="mailto:STIKes_2005@yahoo.com"><b><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">STIKes_2005@yahoo.com</span></b></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="height: 36px; left: 0px; margin-left: 264px; margin-top: 26px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 44px; z-index: 251658240;"><img height="36" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1028" width="44" /></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Website : </span></b><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.yassri.com/"><b><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">WWW.yassri.com</span></b></a></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">KATA
PENGANTAR</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Puji dan syukur
kehadirat ALLAH SWT atas rahmat dan hidayah-Nya sehingga kami dapat menyusun </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Makalah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Mata Kuliah </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Keperawatan Transkultural</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
untuk memenuhi daripada tugas </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Uas Keperawatan Transkultural </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> mengenai </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">budaya
Mesir.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Maksud dan
tujuan pembuatan makalah ini, guna untuk mengenal lebih dalam mengenai berbagai
macam</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> budaya di Mesir</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> dan menambah
nilai-nil</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">ai pengetahuan budaya di berbagai
negara.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Saya juga sangat
berterimakasih kepada berbagai pihak seperti, Orang Tua Saya yang sudah
mendukung dalam pembuatan Makalah ini, Dosen yang sudah memberi tugas,
teman-teman yang sudah membantu saya dalam pembuatan Makalah, pihak </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Print Out</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> yang telah membantu
percetakannya. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Saran dan kritik
dari semua pihak sangat kami harapkan demi penyempurnaan penyusunan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Makalah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> ini. Kepada
Mahasiswa/Mahasiswi yang telah menggunakan buku</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">/makalah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> ini, kami ucapkan terimakasih. Semoga
buku ini bermanfaat khususnya bagi pembaca dan bagi masyarakat pada umumnya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Penulis<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">i<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">DAFTAR ISI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">K</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">ATA PENGANTAR</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.............................................................................................. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">.. i<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: right dotted 14.0cm left blank 404.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">DAFTAR
ISI............................................................................................................. .. ii<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 35.45pt 49.65pt right dotted 14.0cm left blank 404.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">BAB </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">I </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">PENDAHULUAN..</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">....................... </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">........................................................... </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; tab-stops: right dotted 14.0cm left blank 404.0pt; text-indent: -81.0pt;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span>A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Latar </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">l</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">elakang</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">................................................................................. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.. 1</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; tab-stops: right dotted 14.0cm left blank 404.0pt; text-indent: -81.0pt;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span>B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tujuan............................................................................................. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.. </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 35.45pt 49.65pt right dotted 14.0cm left blank 404.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">BAB II PEMBAHASA</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">N......................................................................................... 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: right dotted 14.0cm left blank 404.0pt; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Gambaran tentang Peradaban Budaya
di china</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">................................. </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: right dotted 14.0cm left blank 404.0pt; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Gambaran tentang Sosial Ekonomi
china........................................ .. 4<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: right dotted 14.0cm left blank 404.0pt; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Gambaran tentang Peradaban
Keluarga Di china. ............................. 9<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: right dotted 14.0cm left blank 404.0pt; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">D.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Gambaran peradaban Perilaku
sehat-Sakit Pada masyarakat <o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: right dotted 14.0cm left blank 404.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Modern dan
tradisional Di china........................................................ 10<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: right dotted 14.0cm left blank 404.0pt; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">E.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Peradaban Intergritas Kesehatan
dan IPTEK Kes di Berbagai <o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: right dotted 14.0cm left blank 404.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Sosial Budaya Masyarakat
Di china................................................... 19<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 35.45pt 49.65pt right dotted 14.0cm left blank 404.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">BAB III PENUTUP.....................................................................
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">............................... 27<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 35.45pt 49.65pt right dotted 14.0cm left blank 404.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kesimpulan
...........................................................................
…………..</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">. .. 27<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 35.45pt 49.65pt right dotted 14.0cm left blank 404.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Daftar Pustaka<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="122" width="265"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td bgcolor="white" height="46" style="background: white; vertical-align: top;" width="46"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251656192;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1026">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ii<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span> </td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07603932376022842245noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7997065121951304751.post-73380670376697683342012-08-04T03:04:00.001-07:002012-08-04T03:13:05.459-07:00iptek kes<br />
<h1 align="center" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB I<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<h1 align="center" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Latar
Belakang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Makalah ini saya buat berdasar kan tugas
dari dosen yang bersangkutan dengan tujuan agar saya bisa mengerti terlebih
dahulu tentang perdaban budaya,peradaban social ekonomi,peradab kluarga,
peradaban sehat dan sakit pada masyarakat modern dan tradisional dan peradaban
intergritas pelayanan kesehatan dan IPTEK KES pada </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">berbagai</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
social budaya masyarakat.makalah ini saya buat berdasarkan kerja saya sendiri.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tujuan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tujuan saya membuat makalah ini adalah
agar pembaca dapat lebih mengerti dengan menjabarkan beserta gamabar-gambar
tentang peradaban budaya,peradaban social ekonomi,peradaban kluarga,peradaban
sehat dan sakit pada masyarakat modern dan tradisional dan peradaban
intergritas pelayanan kesehatan dan IPTEK KES pada berbagai social budaya
masyarakat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<h1 align="center" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB II<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">GAMBARAN TENTANG PERADABAN BUDAYA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sejarah Cina</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> adalah salah satu sejarah </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebudayaan" title="Kebudayaan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kebudayaan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> tertua di </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunia" title="Dunia"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">dunia</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Dari penemuan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkeologi" title="Arkeologi"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">arkeologi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologi" title="Antropologi"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">antropologi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, daerah </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina" title="Cina"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Cina</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> telah didiami oleh </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusia_purba" title="Manusia purba"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">manusia purba</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> sejak 1,7 juta tahun yang lalu. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peradaban" title="Peradaban"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Peradaban</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Cina berawal dari berbagai </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara_kota" title="Negara kota"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">negara kota</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> di sepanjang lembah </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai_Kuning" title="Sungai Kuning"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Sungai Kuning</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> pada zaman </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolitikum" title="Neolitikum"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Neolitikum</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Sejarah tertulis Cina dimulai
sejak </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Shang" title="Dinasti Shang"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Dinasti Shang</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (k. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1750_SM&action=edit&redlink=1" title="1750 SM (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1750
SM</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
- </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1045_SM&action=edit&redlink=1" title="1045 SM (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1045
SM</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">).</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Cina#cite_note-state1-0"><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[1]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Cangkang </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kura-kura" title="Kura-kura"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kura-kura</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dengan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulisan_Cina" title="Tulisan Cina"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tulisan Cina</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> kuno yang berasal dari Dinasti
Shang memiliki </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penanggalan_radiokarbon" title="Penanggalan radiokarbon"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">penanggalan
radiokarbon</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> hingga </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1500_SM&action=edit&redlink=1" title="1500 SM (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1500
SM</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Cina#cite_note-1"><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[2]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budaya" title="Budaya"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Budaya</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sastra" title="Sastra"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sastra</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filsafat_Cina" title="Filsafat Cina"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">filsafat</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Cina berkembang pada zaman </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Zhou" title="Dinasti Zhou"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Dinasti Zhou</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1045_SM&action=edit&redlink=1" title="1045 SM (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1045
SM</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
hingga </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/256_SM" title="256 SM"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">256 SM</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">) yang melanjutkan Dinasti Shang.
Dinasti ini merupakan dinasti yang paling lama berkuasa dan pada zaman dinasti
inilah tulisan Cina modern mulai berkembang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dinasti
Zhou terpecah menjadi beberapa negara kota, yang menciptakan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periode_Negara_Perang" title="Periode Negara Perang"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Periode Negara
Perang</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.
Pada tahun </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/221_SM" title="221 SM"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">221 SM</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Qin Shi Huang"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Qin Shi Huang</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> menyatukan berbagai kerajaan ini
dan mendirikan kekaisaran pertama Cina. Pergantian </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_dalam_sejarah_Cina" title="Dinasti dalam sejarah Cina"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">dinasti dalam
sejarah Cina</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> telah mengembangkan suatu sistem birokrasi yang
memungkinkan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaisar_Cina" title="Kaisar Cina"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kaisar Cina</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> memiliki kendali langsung terhadap
wilayah yang luas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pandangan
konvensional terhadap sejarah Cina adalah bahwa Cina merupakan suatu negara
yang mengalami pergantian antara periode persatuan dan perpecahan politis yang
kadang-kadang dikuasai oleh orang-orang asing, yang sebagian besar
terasimiliasi ke dalam populasi </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Han" title="Suku Han"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Suku Han</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Pengaruh budaya dan politik dari
berbagai wilayah di Asia, yang dibawa oleh gelombang </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imigrasi" title="Imigrasi"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">imigrasi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, ekspansi, dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asimilasi" title="Asimilasi"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">asimilasi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang bergantian, menyatu untuk
membentuk </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budaya_Cina" title="Budaya Cina"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">budaya Cina</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> modern.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Homo erectus</span></i></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> telah mendiami daerah yang sekarang
dikenal sebagai Cina sejak zaman </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolitik" title="Paleolitik"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Paleolitik</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, lebih dari satu juta tahun yang
lalu </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Cina#cite_note-MagnetostratigraphicDating-2"><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[3]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Kajian menunjukkan bahwa peralatan
batu yang ditemukan di situs </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiaochangliang" title="Xiaochangliang"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Xiaochangliang</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> telah berumur 1,36 juta tahun </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Cina#cite_note-Xiaochangliang-3"><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[4]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Situs arkeologi </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xihoudu" title="Xihoudu"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Xihoudu</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> di provinsi </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Shanxi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> menunjukkan catatan paling awal
penggunaan api oleh </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Homo erectus</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, yang berumur 1,27 juta tahun yang
lalu </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Cina#cite_note-MagnetostratigraphicDating-2"><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[3]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Ekskavasi di </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuanmou" title="Yuanmou"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Yuanmou</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lantian" title="Lantian"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Lantian</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> menunjukkan pemukiman yang lebih
lampau. Spesimen <i>Homo erectus</i> paling terkenal yang ditemukan di Cina
adalah </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusia_Peking" title="Manusia Peking"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Manusia Peking</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang ditemukan pada tahun </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965" title="1965"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1965</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tiga
pecahan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tembikar" title="Tembikar"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tembikar</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang berasal dari 16500 dan 19000
SM ditemukan di Gua Liyuzui di Liuzhou, provinsi Guangxi <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkas:PeiligangCulture-RedPotWithTwoEars-ShanghaiMuseum-May27-08.jpg&filetimestamp=20110526132727"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><img alt="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/PeiligangCulture-RedPotWithTwoEars-ShanghaiMuseum-May27-08.jpg/125px-PeiligangCulture-RedPotWithTwoEars-ShanghaiMuseum-May27-08.jpg" border="0" height="135" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_1" width="125" /></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tembikar </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolitik" title="Neolitik"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Neolitik</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Cina.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Zaman
</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolitik" title="Neolitik"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Neolitik</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> di Cina dapat dilacak hingga 10.000
SM </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Cina#cite_note-neolithic_period_in_china-5"><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[6]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Bukti-bukti awal pertanian </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milet" title="Milet"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">milet</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> memiliki </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penanggalan_radiokarbon" title="Penanggalan radiokarbon"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">penanggalan
radiokarbon</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> sekitar 7000 SM </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Cina#cite_note-6"><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[7]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebudayaan_Peiligang" title="Kebudayaan Peiligang"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kebudayaan Peiligang</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> di </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinzheng" title="Xinzheng"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Xinzheng</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henan" title="Henan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Henan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> berhasil diekskavasi pada tahun </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977" title="1977"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1977</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Cina#cite_note-7"><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[8]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Dengan berkembangnya pertanian,
muncul peningkatan populasi, kemampuan menyimpan dan mendistribusikan hasil
panen, serta pengerajin dan pengelola </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Cina#cite_note-8"><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[9]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Pada akhir Neolitikum, lembah </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai_Kuning" title="Sungai Kuning"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Sungai Kuning</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> mulai berkembang menjadi pusat
kebudayaan dengan penemuan arkeologis signifikan ditemukan di </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banpo" title="Banpo"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Banpo</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Xi'an</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Cina#cite_note-9"><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[10]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Sungai Kuning dinamakan demikian
disebabkan terdapatnya debu sedimen (</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Loess&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Loess (halaman belum tersedia)"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">loess</span></i></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">) yang bertumpuk di tepi sungai dan
tanah sekitarnya, yang kemudian setelah terbenam di sungai menimbulkan warna
yang kekuning-kuningan pada air sungai tersebut.</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Cina#cite_note-10"><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[11]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sejarah
awal Cina dibuat rumit oleh kurangnya tulisan pada periode ini dan
dokumen-dokumen pada masa sesudahnya yang mencampurkan fakta dan fiksi pada
zaman ini. Pada 7000 SM, penduduk Cina bercocok tanam milet, menumbuhkan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebudayaan_Jiahu" title="Kebudayaan Jiahu"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kebudayaan Jiahu</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Di </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaidi" title="Damaidi"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Damaidi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> di </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Ningxia</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, ditemukan 3.172 lukisan gua
berasal dari 6000-5000 SM yang mirip dengan karakter-karakter awal yang
dikonfirmasi sebagai </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulisan_Cina" title="Tulisan Cina"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tulisan Cina</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Cina#cite_note-11"><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[12]</span></sup></a><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Cina#cite_note-12"><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[13]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebudayaan_Yangshao" title="Kebudayaan Yangshao"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kebudayaan Yangshao</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang muncul belakangan dilanjutkan
dengan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebudayaan_Longshan" title="Kebudayaan Longshan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kebudayaan Longshan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> pada sekitar 2500 SM.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">GAMBARAN TENTANG SOSIAL EKONOMI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Republik</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
R</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">a<b>kyat Cina</b> (<b>RRC</b>; <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Pinyin</span></a>:
Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó; <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanzi_tradisional" title="Hanzi tradisional"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Hanzi tradisional</span></a>:
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">中華人民共和國</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">;
<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanzi_Sederhana" title="Hanzi Sederhana"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Hanzi
Sederhana</span></a>: </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">中</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">华人民共和国</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">;
juga disebut <b>Republik Rakyat Tiongkok</b>/<b>RRT</b>) adalah sebuah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara_komunis" title="Negara komunis"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">negara
komunis</span></a> yang terdiri dari hampir seluruh wilayah kebudayaan,
sejarah, dan geografis yang dikenal sebagai <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina" title="Cina"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Cina</span></a>. Sejak didirikan pada
<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949" title="1949"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1949</span></a>, RRC telah dipimpin
oleh <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Komunis_Cina" title="Partai Komunis Cina"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Partai Komunis Cina</span></a> (PKC). Sekalipun seringkali
dilihat sebagai <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara_komunis" title="Negara komunis"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">negara komunis</span></a>, kebanyakan ekonomi republik ini
telah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swasta" title="Swasta"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">diswastakan</span></a>
sejak tiga dasawarsa yang lalu. Walau bagaimanapun, pemerintah masih mengawasi
ekonominya secara politik terutama dengan perusahaan-perusahaan milik
pemerintah dan sektor perbankan. Secara politik, ia masih tetap menjadi
pemerintahan satu partai.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">RRC
adalah negara dengan penduduk terbanyak di dunia, dengan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populasi" title="Populasi"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">populasi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> melebihi 1,3 miliar jiwa, yang
mayoritas merupakan bersuku bangsa </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han" title="Han"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Han</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. RRC juga adalah </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara" title="Negara"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">negara</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> terbesar di </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Timur" title="Asia Timur"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Asia Timur</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, dan ketiga terluas di dunia,
setelah </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Rusia</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kanada</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. RRC berbatasan dengan 14 negara: </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Afganistan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Bhutan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Myanmar</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">India</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kazakhstan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirgizia" title="Kirgizia"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kirgizia</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Utara" title="Korea Utara"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Korea Utara</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Laos</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mongolia</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Nepal</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Pakistan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Rusia</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Tajikistan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Vietnam</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam
suatu pertikaian yang terus berlangsung, RRC menuntut hak memerintah atas </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Taiwan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan pulau-pulau sekitarnya yang
tidak pernah dilepaskan oleh </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Cina" title="Republik Cina"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Republik Cina</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Pemerintah RRC mendakwa bahwa
Republik Cina merupakan suatu entitas yang tidak lagi wujud dan secara
administratif meletakkan Taiwan sebagai provinsi ke-23 RRC. (Lihat </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina" title="Cina"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Cina</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_politik_Taiwan" title="Status politik Taiwan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Status politik
Taiwan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
untuk informasi lebih lanjut).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">RRC
mengklaim kedaulatan terhadap </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Taiwan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> namun tidak memerintahnya (hal yang
sama juga berlaku terhadap </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pescadores" title="Pescadores"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Pescadores</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quemoy" title="Quemoy"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Quemoy</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepulauan_Matsu" title="Kepulauan Matsu"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Matsu</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">). </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_politik_Taiwan" title="Status politik Taiwan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Status politik
Taiwan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
merupakan hal yang kontroversial; Taiwan diperintah </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Cina" title="Republik Cina"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Republik Cina</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, yang kini berbasis di </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Taipei</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Republik Cina mengklaim kedaulatan
terhadap seluruh Cina daratan dan begitu juga dengan RRC.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina_Daratan" title="Cina Daratan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Cina Daratan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> merupakan istilah yang digunakan
untuk merujuk kepada kawasan di bawah pemerintahan RRC dan tidak termasuk
kawasan administrasi khusus </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Hong Kong</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau" title="Macau"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Macau</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Pemerintah RRC melihat
pemerintahannya di Cina sebagai <b>Tiongkok Baru</b> (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">新中国</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">) saat membandingkan dirinya dengan Cina sebelum tahun </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949" title="1949"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1949</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. RRC juga dijuluki sebagai "<b>Cina
Merah</b>" bagai kawasan yang sama, terutama oleh musuhnya di Barat,
dengan merujuk kepada warna merah yang merupakan lambang </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunis" title="Komunis"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">komunis</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sejarah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setelah
</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Dunia_II" title="Perang Dunia II"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Perang Dunia II</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Saudara_Cina" title="Perang Saudara Cina"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Perang Saudara Cina</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> antara </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Komunis_Cina" title="Partai Komunis Cina"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Partai Komunis Cina</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kuomintang</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> berakhir pada </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949" title="1949"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1949</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dengan pihak komunis menguasai </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina_Daratan" title="Cina Daratan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Cina Daratan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan Kuomintang menguasai </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Taiwan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan beberapa pulau-pulau lepas
pantai di </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Fujian</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Pada </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Oktober" title="1 Oktober"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1 Oktober</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 1949, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mao Zedong</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> memproklamasikan Republik Rakyat
Cina dan mendirikan sebuah </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara_komunis" title="Negara komunis"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">negara komunis</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_Cina#cite_note-Ref_d-0"><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[1]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Para
pendukung Era Maoisme, yang terdiri dari kebanyakan rakyat Cina miskin dan
lebih tradisionil atau nasionalis dan pemerhati asing yang percaya kepada
komunisme, mengatakan bahwa di bawah Mao, persatuan dan kedaulatan Cina dapat
dipastikan untuk pertama kalinya dalam beberapa dekade terakhir, dan terdapat
perkembangan infrastruktur, industri, kesehatan, dan pendidikan, yang mereka
percayai telah membantu meningkatkan standar hidup rakyat. Mereka juga yakin bahwa
kampanye seperti </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lompatan_Jauh_ke_Depan" title="Lompatan Jauh ke Depan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Lompatan Jauh ke
Depan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolusi_Kebudayaan" title="Revolusi Kebudayaan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Revolusi Kebudayaan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> penting dalam mempercepat
perkembangan Cina dan menjernihkan kebudayaan mereka. Pihak pendukung juga ragu
terhadap statistik dan kesaksian yang diberikan mengenai jumlah korban jiwa dan
kerusakan lainnya yang disebabkan kampanye Mao.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Meskipun
begitu, para kritikus rezim Mao, yang terdiri dari mayoritas analis asing dan
para peninjau serta beberapa rakyat Cina, khususnya para anggota kelas menengah
dan penduduk kota yang lebih terbuka pemikirannya, mengatakan bahwa
pemerintahan Mao membebankan pengawasan yang ketat terhadap kehidupan
sehari-hari rakyat, dan yakin bahwa kampanye seperti </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lompatan_Jauh_ke_Depan" title="Lompatan Jauh ke Depan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Lompatan Jauh ke
Depan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolusi_Kebudayaan" title="Revolusi Kebudayaan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Revolusi Kebudayaan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> berperan atau mengakibatkan
hilangnya jutaan jiwa, mendatangkan biaya ekonomi yang besar, dan merusak
warisan budaya Cina. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lompatan_Jauh_ke_Depan" title="Lompatan Jauh ke Depan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Lompatan Jauh ke
Depan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
pada khusunya, mendahului periode </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelaparan" title="Kelaparan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kelaparan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang besar di Cina yang, menurut </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat1."><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sumber-sumber</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Barat dan Timur yang dapat
dipercaya, mengakibatkan kematian 45 juta orang</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_Cina#cite_note-Akbar2010-1"><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[2]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">; kebanyakan analis Barat dan Cina
mengatakan ini disebabkan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lompatan_Jauh_ke_Depan" title="Lompatan Jauh ke Depan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Lompatan Jauh ke
Depan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
namun Mao dan lainnya mengatakan ini disebabkan musibah alam; ada juga yang
meragukan angka kematian tersebut, atau berkata bahwa lebih banyak orang mati
karena kelaparan atau sebab politis lainnya pada masa pemerintahan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Kai_Shek" title="Chiang Kai Shek"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Chiang Kai Shek</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setelah
kegagalan ekonomi pada awal </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960-an" title="1960-an"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1960-an</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Mao mundur dari jabatannya sebagai
ketua umum Cina. Kongres Rakyat Nasional melantik </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Liu Shaoqi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> sebagai pengganti Mao. Mao tetap
menjadi ketua partai namun dilepas dari tugas ekonomi sehari-hari yang
dikontrol dengan lebih lunak oleh </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Liu Shaoqi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Deng Xiaoping</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan lainnya yang memulai reformasi
keuangan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada
1966 Mao meluncurkan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolusi_Kebudayaan" title="Revolusi Kebudayaan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Revolusi Kebudayaan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, yang dilihat lawannya (termasuk
analis Barat dan banyak remaja Cina kala itu) sebagai balasan terhadap
rival-rivalnya dengan memobilisasi para remaja untuk mendukung pemikirannya dan
menyingkirkan kepemimpinan yang lunak pada saat itu, namun oleh pendukungnya
dipandang sebagai sebuah percobaan demokrasi langsung dan sebuah langkah asli
dalam menghilangkan korupsi dan pengaruh buruk lainnya dari masyarakat Cina.
Kekacauan pun timbul namun hal ini segera berkurang di bawah kepemimpinan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Zhou Enlai</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> di mana para kekuatan moderat
kembali memperoleh pengaruhnya. Setelah kematian Mao, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Deng Xiaoping</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> berhasil memperoleh kekuasaan dan
janda Mao, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Qing&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Jiang Qing (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Jiang
Qing</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
beserta rekan-rekannya, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kelompok_Empat&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Kelompok Empat (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kelompok
Empat</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
yang telah mengambil alih kekuasaan negara, ditangkap dan dibawa ke pengadilan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sejak
saat itu, pihak pemerintah telah secara bertahap (dan telah banyak) melunakkan
kontrol pemerintah terhadap kehidupan sehari-hari rakyatnya, dan telah memulai
perpindahan ekonomi Cina menuju sistem berbasiskan pasar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Para
pendukung reformasi keuangan – biasanya rakyat kelas menengah dan pemerhati
Barat berhaluan kiri-tengah dan kanan – menunjukkan bukti terjadinya
perkembangan pesat pada ekonomi di sektor konsumen dan ekspor, terciptanya </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kelas_menengah&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Kelas menengah (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kelas
menengah</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
(khususnya di kota pesisir di mana sebagian besar perkembangan industri
dipusatkan) yang kini merupakan 15% dari populasi, standar hidup yang kian
tinggi (diperlihatkan melalui peningkatan pesat pada GDP per kapita, belanja
konsumen, perkiraan umur, persentase baca-tulis, dan jumlah produksi beras) dan
hak dan kebebasan pribadi yang lebih luas untuk masyarakat biasa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">GAMBARAN TENTANG KELUARGA DI CHINA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perkahwinan Masyarakat Cina <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perkahwinan
Cina (</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit" title="Pinyin"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pinyin</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: hūn yīn) secara tradisi </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perkahwinan_yang_diatur&action=edit" title="Perkahwinan yang diatur"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">diatur antara
keluarga-keluarga berkenaan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Pada asalnya, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kebudayaan_Cina&action=edit" title="Kebudayaan Cina"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kebudayaan Cina</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> membenarkan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Percintaan&action=edit" title="Percintaan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">percintaan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, dengan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monogami&action=edit" title="Monogami"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">monogami</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> merupakan norma masyarakat etnik
Cina.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perkahwinan dalam konteks Konfusianisme<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam
pemikiran </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfusianisme" title="Konfusianisme"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Konfusianisme</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, perkahwinan merupakan suatu peristiwa
yang amat penting kepada kedua-dua unit </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keluarga" title="Keluarga"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">keluarga</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> serta </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masyarakat" title="Masyarakat"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">masyarakat</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Secara tradisi dalam kebudayaan
Cina, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inses" title="Inses"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">inses</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> telah ditakrifkan sebagai
perkahwinan antara dua orang dengan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nama_keluarga&action=edit" title="Nama keluarga"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">nama keluarga</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang sama. Dari sudut pandangan
sebuah keluarga yang menganuti Konfusianisme, perkahwinan merapatkan
keluarga-keluarga dengan nama keluarga yang berlainan dan meneruskan jurai
keturunan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klan_Cina&action=edit" title="Klan Cina"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">klan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> bapanya. Secara amnya, ini
merupakan sebab utama mengapa anak lelaki diutamakan berbanding dengan anak
perempuan ketika melahirkan anak. Oleh itu, manfaat dan kelemahan sesuatu
perkahwinan adalah penting kepada seluruh keluarga, bukannya sahaja kepada
pasangan yang berkenaan. Secara sosial, sepasang suami isteri dianggap sebagai
unit asas masyarakat Cina. Dalam </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_China" title="Sejarah China"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sejarah Cina</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, terdapat banyak perkahwinan yang
menjejaskan kestabilan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik" title="Politik"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">politik</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> negara dan hubungan-hubungan
antarabangsanya. Sejak zaman </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dinasti_Han&action=edit" title="Dinasti Han"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Dinasti Han</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, raja puak-puak asing yang kuat
seperti puak </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mongol&action=edit" title="Mongol"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mongol</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manchu&action=edit" title="Manchu"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Manchu</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xiongnu&action=edit" title="Xiongnu"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Xiongnu</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaum_Turki&action=edit" title="Kaum Turki"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Turki</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, sering menuntut
perempuan-perempuan daripada keluarga diraja Cina. Banyak zaman dalam sejarah
Cina juga dikuasai oleh keluarga isteri atau ibu Maharaja. Oleh itu,
perkahwinan kekadang juga berkait dengan politik.<a href="" name="Perkahwinan_Cina_prasejarah"></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perkahwinan Cina prasejarah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="" name="Perkahwinan_dalam_Masyarakat-masyarakat_"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perkahwinan dalam
Masyarakat-masyarakat Awal Dalam pemikiran Cina tradisional, orang-orang dalam
masyarakat "primitif" tidak </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perkahwinan" title="Perkahwinan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">berkahwin</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, tetapi melakukan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubungan_seks" title="Hubungan seks"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">hubungan seks</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> antara satu sama lain secara
sembarangan. Mereka dianggap sebagai menghidup seperti haiwan-</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiwan" title="Haiwan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">haiwan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang lain, dan tidak mempunyai
konsep yang tepat terhadap keibuan, kebapaan, adik-beradik, suami dan isteri,
serta jantina, apa lagi tentang </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Penjodohan&action=edit" title="Penjodohan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">penjodohan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upacara_perkahwinan&action=edit" title="Upacara perkahwinan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">upacara perkahwinan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Sebahagian daripada "misi
peradaban" </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfusianisme" title="Konfusianisme"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Konfusianisme</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> adalah untuk mentakrifkan apa yang
dimaksudkan dengan konsep bapa atau suami, serta untuk mengajar manusia
menghormati hubungan yang wajar antara ahli-ahli keluarga dan mengawal </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tingkah_laku_seks_manusia" title="Tingkah laku seks manusia"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tingkah laku seks</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="" name="Perkahwinan_antara_adik-beradik"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perkahwinan antara adik-beradik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perkahwinan
antara adik-beradik, walaupun dilarang dalam </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kebudayaan_Cina&action=edit" title="Kebudayaan Cina"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kebudayaan Cina</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, pernah dilaporkan dalam </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mitologi_Cina&action=edit" title="Mitologi Cina"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">mitologi Cina</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang amat awal. Terdapat sebuah
cerita tentang perkahwinan antara </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N%C3%BCwa&action=edit" title="Nüwa"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Nüwa</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (perempuan) dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fu_Xi&action=edit" title="Fu Xi"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Fu Xi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (lelaki) yang merupakan
adik-beradik. Ketika itu, dunia masih tidak mempunyai banyak penduduk. Adik
beradik itu hendak berkahwin tetapi mereka berasa malu. Oleh itu, mereka ke
bukit </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kunlun_Shan&action=edit" title="Kunlun Shan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kunlun Shan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan berdoa kepada Syurga agar
memberikan kebenaran untuk mereka berkahwin. Mereka berkata, "Jika Engkau
membenarkan kami berkahwin, sila menyelubungi kami dengan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kabus&action=edit" title="Kabus"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kabus</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Supaya dapat melindungi rasa
malunya, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N%C3%BCwa&action=edit" title="Nüwa"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Nüwa</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dikatakan melitupi mukanya dengan
kipas. Pada hari ini di </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">China</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, pengantin-</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pengantin_perempuan&action=edit" title="Pengantin perempuan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pengantin perempuan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> masih mengamalkan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adat_resam&action=edit" title="Adat resam"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">adat resam</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang menyembunyikan muka mereka
dengan sebuah kipas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l18 level2 lfo6; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<a href="" name="Perkahwinan_antara_klan_dan_perkahwinan_"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perkahwinan antara klan dan perkahwinan antithesis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam
masyarakat Cina, lelaki tidak dibenarkan berkahwin dengan perempuan yang
mempunyai nama keluarga yang sama (ini tidak lagi diendahkan pada zaman
baru-baru ini ketika jumlah penduduk Cina bertambah sehingga mereka yang
mempunyai nama keluarga yang sama mungkin tidak mempunyai sebarang hubungan
antara satu sama lain). Perkahwinan tersebut diperlihatkan sebagai </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inses" title="Inses"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">inses</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan dianggap akan membawa risiko
terhadap kelahiran anak yang cacat. Bagaimanapun, perkahwinan antara seorang
anak lelaki dengan saudara-saudara sebelah ibunya tidak diperlihatkan sebagai
inses. Klan-klan yang berbeza mungkin mempunyai lebih daripada satu nama
keluarga. Dari segi sejarah, terdapat banyak klan yang penting yang tinggal di
sepanjang </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sungai_Kuning&action=edit" title="Sungai Kuning"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Sungai Kuning</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> di China kuno, seperti puak </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huang_Di&action=edit" title="Huang Di"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Huang Di</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang mempunyai nama keluarga Ji,
nama keluarga orang biasa, dan puak </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yan_Di&action=edit" title="Yan Di"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Yan Di</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang mempunyai nama keluarga Jiang.
Oleh sebab perkahwinan dengan saudara-saudara sebelah ibu tidak dianggap
sebagai inses, keluarga-keluarga itu kekadang berkahwin antara satu generasi
dengan generasi yang lain.<br />
Dengan masa berlalu, perpindahan orang-orang Cina semakin meningkat.
Pasangan-pasangan berkahwin dalam apa yang dipanggil perkahwinan luar klan,
atau lebih dikenali sebagai perkahwinan antitesis. Ini terjadi pada pertengahan
</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zaman_Batu_Baru&action=edit" title="Zaman Batu Baru"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Zaman Batu Baru</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, iaitu sekitar </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milenium_ke-5_SM" title="Milenium ke-5 SM"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">5000 SM</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Menurut cendekiawan-cendekiawan
Cina moden daripada aliran fikiran </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxisme" title="Marxisme"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Marxisme</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sistem_saka&action=edit" title="Sistem saka"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sistem saka</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (iaitu sistem kuasa ibu) diamalkan
dalam masyarakat ketika itu, dan suami-suami diperlukan tinggal dengan keluarga
isterinya. Bagaimanapun, lelaki itu masih merupakan ahli keluarga kandung
mereka.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Apabila suami isteri meninggal dunia, mereka
dikebumikan secara berasingan di dalam </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perkuburan&action=edit" title="Perkuburan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">perkuburan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> klan masing-masing. Anak-anak
dikebumikan dengan ibu mereka.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perkahwinan
antitesis masih berlaku di China moden. Di </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit" title="Yunnan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Yunnan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, lelaki dan perempuan dalam
kelompok minoriti yang dikenali sebagai </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nakhi&action=edit" title="Nakhi"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Nakhi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> membentuk pasangan sementara dan
mereka menggelar satu sama lain sebagai "Ahchu" dan bukannya
"suami dan isteri". "Ahchu" lelaki tinggal dan bekerja di
rumah "Ahchu" perempuan.<a href="" name="Perkahwinan_sistem_saka_dan_monogami"></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perkahwinan sistem saka dan monogami<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam
perkahwinan sistem saka, seorang lelaki yang menjadi menantu akan tinggal di
dalam rumah isterinya. Dia juga diperlukan menukarkan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nama_keluarga&action=edit" title="Nama keluarga"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">nama keluarganya</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> menjadi nama keluarga isterinya.
Ini berlaku dalam peralihan daripada perkahwinan antitesis kepada </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monogami&action=edit" title="Monogami"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">monogami</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang menandakan kemerosotan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sistem_saka&action=edit" title="Sistem saka"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sistem saka</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> serta pertumbuhan penguasaan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sistem_baka&action=edit" title="Sistem baka"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sistem baka</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (iaitu sistem kuasa bapa) di China
kuno.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="" name="Upacara_amal_perkahwinan_tradisional"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">f.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Upacara amal perkahwinan tradisional<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perkahwinan
Cina menjadi satu adat resam antara tahun </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/402_SM" title="402 SM"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">402</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> - </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/221_SM" title="221 SM"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">221 SM</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Sebelum zaman moden, perempuan
tidak dibenarkan memilih pasangan untuk berkahwin. Sebaliknya, keluarga
pengantin perempuan memilih bakal suaminya. Perkahwinan dipilih berdasarkan
keperluan untuk </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembiakan" title="Pembiakan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pembiakan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan nama baik keluarga, serta
keperluan bapa dan suaminya.<br />
Walaupun China mempunyai sejarah yang lama serta banyak kawasan geografi yang
berbeza, terdapat enam upacara amal pada umumnya yang secara am dikenali
sebagai tiga askara dan enam etiket.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perarakan
perkahwinan tradisonal Cina. Pinangan: Ketika ibu bapa seorang anak lelaki
menentukan bakal menantu perempuan, mereka akan mencari </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tukang_risik&action=edit" title="Tukang risik"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tukang risik</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang kerjanya adalah untuk
mengurangkan konflik kepentingan serta rasa malu ketika membincangkan
kemungkinan perkahwinan antara dua buah keluarga yang biasanya tidak rapat atau
langsung dikenali.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembandingan
Hari Jadi: Jika keluarga bakal menantu perempuan tidak membantah terhadap
pinangan, tukang risik akan membandingkan hari jadi pasangan tersebut. Jika
pasangan itu adalah sesuai menurut </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astrologi_Cina&action=edit" title="Astrologi Cina"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">astrologi Cina</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, mereka akan meneruskan ke langkah
yang berikut.<br />
</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harga_pengantin_perempuan&action=edit" title="Harga pengantin perempuan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Harga pengantin
perempuan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
(Hadiah Pertunangan): Keluarga anak lelaki akan mengatur tukang risik untuk
menyampaikan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harga_pengantin_perempuan&action=edit" title="Harga pengantin perempuan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">harga pengantin
perempuan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
(hadiah pertunangan), termasuk surat pertunangan) kepada keluarga bakal
pengantin perempuan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyampaian
Hadiah Perkahwinan: Hadiah perkahwinan berbeza-berbeza, bergantung kepada adat
resam tempatan serta kekayaan keluarga. Makanan dan makanan istimewa merupakan
hadiah yang biasa.<br />
Pemilihan Hari Perkahwinan: </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Takwim_Cina&action=edit" title="Takwim Cina"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Takwim Cina</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> akan dirujuk untuk menetapkan hari
yang bertuah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Upacara
Perkahwinan: Upacara terakhir ialah upacara perkahwinan sebenar yang menjadikan
pengantin perempuan dan pengantin lelaki sebagai suami isteri, dan terdiri
daripada beberapa bahagian yang teliti:<br />
Perarakan Perkahwinan: Perarakan perkahwinan dari rumah pengantin perempuan
bergerak ke rumah pengantin lelaki. Perarakan itu terdiri daripada sebuah tandu
pengantin perempuan, sebuah pancaragam tradisional, sepasukan pengapit
pengantin perempuan (jika ada), serta </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hantaran_kahwin&action=edit" title="Hantaran kahwin"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">hantaran kahwin</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> pengantin perempuan dalam bentuk
wang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyambutan
Pengantin Perempuan: Perarakan perkahwinan berhenti di hadapan pintu rumah
pengantin lelaki. Terdapat upacara-upacara tertentu yang dipatuhi untuk
menyambut pengantin perempuan dan ahli-ahli perarakan ke dalam rumah pengantin
lelaki. Upacara-upacara tersebut berbeza-beza dari tempat ke tempat. Upacara
Perkahwinan Sebenar: Sepadan dengan melafazkan ikrar perkahwinan di Barat,
pasangan akan memberi penghormatan-penghormatan kepada Syurga dan Bumi, ibu
bapa pengantin lelaki, serta antara satu sama lain.<br />
</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jamuan_perkahwinan&action=edit" title="Jamuan perkahwinan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Jamuan Perkahwinan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: Dalam masyarakat Cina, jamuan
perkahwinan dikenali sebagai xǐ-jǐu yang secara harfiahnya bermaksud "wain
kegembiraan", dan kekadang adalah jauh lebih penting daripada majlis
perkahwinan pada dirinya. Adanya juga upacara-upacara seperti menuang wain atau
teh untuk ibu bapa, pasangan, dan para tetamu.<a href="" name="Proses_penceraian_tradisional"></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">GAMBARAN TENTANG PERADABAN PERILAKU
SEHAT DAN SAKIT PADA MASYARAKAT MODERN DAN TRADISIONAL<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Pembangunan kesehatan sebagai salah satu upaya pembangunan nasional
diarahkan guna ercapainya kesadaran, kemauan, dan kemampuan untuk hidup sehat
bagi setiap penduduk agar dapat mewujudkan derajat kesehatan yang optimal. Dan
kesehatan yang demikian yang menjadi dambaan setiap orang sepanjang hidupnya.
Tetapi datangnya penyakit merupakan hal yang tidak bisa ditolak meskipun
kadang-kadang bisa dicegah atau dihindari. Konsep sehat dan sakit sesungguhnya
tidak terlalu mutlak dan universal karena ada faktor-faktor lain di luar
kenyataan klinis yang mempengaruhinya terutama faktor sosial budaya. Kedua pengertian
saling mempengaruhi dan pengertian yang satu hanya dapat dipahami dalam konteks
pengertian yang lain.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Banyak ahli filsafat, biologi, antropologi, sosiologi, kedokteran,
dan lain-lain bidang ilmu pengetahuan telah mencoba memberikan pengertian
tentang konsep sehat dan sakit ditinjau dari masing-masing disiplin ilmu.
Masalah sehat dan sakit merupakan proses yang berkaitan dengan kemampuan atau
ketidakmampuan manusia beradap-tasi dengan lingkungan baik secara biologis,
psikologis maupun sosio budaya. UU No.23,1992 tentang Kesehatan menyatakan
bahwa : Kesehatan adalah keadaan sejahtera dari badan, jiwa dan sosial yang
memungkinkan hidup produktif secara sosial dan ekonomi.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Dalam pengertian ini maka kesehatan harus dilihat sebagai satu
kesatuan yang utuh terdiri dari unsur-unsur fisik, mental dan sosial dan di
dalamnya kesehatan jiwa merupakan bagian integral kesehatan. Definisi sakit:
seseorang dikatakan sakit apabila ia menderita penyakit menahun (kronis), atau
gangguan kesehatan lain yang menyebabkan aktivitas kerja/kegiatannya terganggu.
Walaupun seseorang sakit (istilah sehari-hari) seperti masuk angin, pilek,
tetapi bila ia tidak terganggu untuk melaksanakan kegiatannya, maka ia dianggap
tidak sakit.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">MASALAH SEHAT DAN SAKIT<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Masalah kesehatan merupakan masalah kompleks yang merupakan
resultante dari berbagai masalah lingkungan yang bersifat alamiah maupun
masalah buatan manusia, sosial budaya, perilaku, populasi penduduk, genetika,
dan sebagainya. Derajat kesehatan masyarakat yang disebut sebagai psycho socio
somatic health well being, merupakan resultante dari 4 faktor yaitu :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Environment atau lingkungan.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Behaviour atau perilaku, Antara
yang pertama dan kedua dihubungkan dengan ecological balance.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Heredity atau keturunan yang
dipengaruhi oleh populasi, distribusi penduduk, dan sebagainya.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Health care service berupa
program kesehatan yang bersifat preventif, promotif, kuratif, dan
rehabilitatif.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Dari empat faktor tersebut di atas, lingkungan dan perilaku
merupakan faktor yang paling besar pengaruhnya (dominan) terhadap tinggi
rendahnya derajat kesehatan masyarakat. Tingkah laku sakit, peranan sakit dan
peranan pasien sangat dipengaruhi oleh faktor-faktor seperti kelas sosial,
perbedaan suku bangsa dan budaya. Maka ancaman kesehatan yang sama (yang
ditentukan secara klinis), bergantung dari variabel-variabel tersebut dapat
menimbulkan reaksi yang berbeda di kalangan pasien.<br />
Pengertian sakit menurut etiologi naturalistik dapat dijelaskan dari segi
impersonal dan sistematik, yaitu bahwa sakit merupakan satu keadaan atau satu
hal yang disebabkan oleh gangguan terhadap sistem tubuh manusia. Pernyataan
tentang pengetahuan ini dalam tradisi klasik Yunani, India, Cina, menunjukkan
model keseimbangan (equilibrium model) seseorang dianggap sehat apabila
unsur-unsur utama yaitu panas dingin dalam tubuhnya berada dalam keadaan yang
seimbang. Unsur-unsur utama ini tercakup dalam konsep tentang humors, ayurveda
dosha, yin dan yang. Departemen Kesehatan RI telah mencanangkan kebijakan baru
berdasarkan paradigma sehat.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Paradigma sehat <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Cara pandang atau pola pikir pembangunan kesehatan yang bersifat
holistik, proaktif antisipatif, dengan melihat masalah kesehatan sebagai
masalah yang dipengaruhi oleh banyak faktor secara dinamis dan lintas sektoral,
dalam suatu wilayah yang berorientasi kepada peningkatan pemeliharaan dan
perlindungan terhadap penduduk agar tetap sehat dan bukan hanya penyembuhan
penduduk yang sakit. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Pada intinya paradigma sehat memberikan perhatian utama terhadap
kebijakan yang bersifat pencegahan dan promosi kesehatan, memberikan dukungan
dan alokasi sumber daya untuk menjaga agar yang sehat tetap sehat namun tetap
mengupayakan yang sakit segera sehat. Pada prinsipnya kebijakan tersebut
menekankan pada masyarakat untuk mengutamakan kegiatan kesehatan dari pada
mengobati penyakit. Telah dikembangkan pengertian tentang penyakit yang
mempunyai konotasi biomedik dan sosio kultural<br />
Dalam bahasa Inggris dikenal kata disease dan illness sedangkan dalam bahasa
Indonesia, kedua pengertian itu dinamakan penyakit. Dilihat dari segi sosio
kultural terdapat perbedaan besar antara kedua pengertian tersebut. Dengan
disease dimaksudkan gangguan fungsi atau adaptasi dari proses-proses biologik
dan psikofisiologik pada seorang individu, dengan illness dimaksud reaksi
personal, interpersonal, dan kultural terhadap penyakit atau perasaan kurang
nyaman. Para dokter mendiagnosis dan mengobati disease, sedangkan pasien
mengalami illness yang dapat disebabkan oleh disease illness tidak selalu
disertai kelainan organik maupun fungsional tubuh.<br />
Tulisan ini merupakan tinjauan pustaka yang membahas pengetahuan sehat-sakit
pada aspek sosial budaya dan perilaku manusia; serta khusus pada interaksi
antara beberapa aspek ini yang mempunyai pengaruh pada kesehatan dan penyakit.
Dalam konteks kultural, apa yang disebut sehat dalam suatu kebudayaan belum
tentu disebut sehat pula dalam kebudayaan lain. Di sini tidak dapat diabaikan
adanya faktor penilaian atau faktor yang erat hubungannya dengan sistem nilai.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">E.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PERADABAN INTERGRITAS </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">KESEHATAN DAN IPTEK KES
DI BERBAGAI SOSIAL BUDAYA</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Istilah
sehat mengandung banyak muatan kultural, sosial dan pengertian profesional yang
beragam. Dulu dari sudut pandangan kedokteran, sehat sangat erat kaitannya
dengan kesakitan dan penyakit. Dalam kenyataannya tidaklah sesederhana itu,
sehat harus dilihat dari berbagai aspek. WHO melihat sehat dari berbagai aspek.<br />
Definisi WHO (1981): Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social
well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. WHO
mendefinisikan pengertian sehat sebagai suatu keadaan sempurna baik jasmani,
rohani, maupun kesejahteraan sosial seseorang. Sebatas mana seseorang dapat
dianggap sempurna jasmaninya, Oleh para ahli kesehatan, antropologi kesehatan
dipandang sebagai disiplin biobudaya yang memberi perhatian pada aspek-aspek
biologis dan sosial budaya dari tingkah laku manusia, terutama tentang
cara-cara interaksi antara keduanya sepanjang sejarah kehidupan manusia yang
mempengaruhi kesehatan dan penyakit. Penyakit sendiri ditentukan oleh budaya:
hal ini karena penyakit merupakan pengakuan sosial bahwa seseorang tidak dapat
menjalankan peran normalnya secara wajar. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cara
hidup dan gaya hidup manusia merupakan fenomena yang dapat dikaitkan dengan
munculnya berbagai macam penyakit, selain itu hasil berbagai kebudayaan juga
dapat menimbulkan penyakit. Masyarakat dan pengobat tradisional menganut dua
konsep penyebab sakit, yaitu: Naturalistik dan Personalistik. Penyebab bersifat
Naturalistik yaitu seseorang menderita sakit akibat pengaruh lingkungan,
makanan (salah makan), kebiasaan hidup, ketidak seimbangan dalam tubuh,
termasuk juga kepercayaan panas dingin seperti masuk angin dan penyakit bawaan.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Konsep sehat sakit yang dianut
pengobat tradisional (Battra) sama dengan yang dianut masyarakat setempat,
yakni suatu keadaan yang berhubungan dengan keadaan badan atau kondisi tubuh
kelainan-kelainan serta gejala yang dirasakan. Sehat bagi seseorang berarti
suatu keadaan yang normal, wajar, nyaman, dan dapat melakukan aktivitas
sehari-hari dengan gairah. Sedangkan sakit dianggap sebagai suatu keadaan badan
yang kurang menyenangkan, bahkan dirasakan sebagai siksaan sehingga menyebabkan
seseorang tidak dapat menjalankan aktivitas sehari-hari seperti halnya orang
yang sehat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sedangkan konsep Personalistik
menganggap munculnya penyakit (illness) disebabkan oleh intervensi suatu agen
aktif yang dapat berupa makhluk bukan manusia (hantu, roh, leluhur atau roh
jahat), atau makhluk manusia (tukang sihir, tukang tenung).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Menelusuri nilai budaya, misalnya
mengenai pengenalan kusta dan cara perawatannya. Kusta telah dikenal oleh etnik
Makasar sejak lama. Adanya istilah kaddala sikuyu (kusta kepiting) dan kaddala
massolong (kusta yang lumer), merupakan ungkapan yang mendukung bahwa kusta
secara endemik telah berada dalam waktu yang lama di tengah-tengah masyarakat
tersebut.<br />
Hasil penelitian kualitatif dan
kuantitatif atas nilai-nilai budaya di Kabupaten Soppeng, dalam kaitannya
dengan penyakit kusta (Kaddala,Bgs.) di masyarakat Bugis menunjukkan bahwa
timbul dan diamalkannya leprophobia secara ketat karena menurut salah seorang
tokoh budaya, dalam nasehat perkawinan orang-orang tua di sana, kata kaddala
ikut tercakup di dalamnya. Disebutkan bahwa bila terjadi pelanggaran melakukan
hubungan intim saat istri sedang haid, mereka (kedua mempelai) akan terkutuk
dan menderita kusta/kaddala. Ide yang bertujuan guna terciptanya moral yang
agung di keluarga baru, berkembang menuruti proses komunikasi dalam masyarakat
dan menjadi konsep penderita kusta sebagai penanggung dosa. Pengertian
penderita sebagai akibat dosa dari ibu-bapak merupakan awal derita akibat
leprophobia. Rasa rendah diri penderita dimulai dari rasa rendah diri keluarga
yang merasa tercemar bila salah seorang anggota keluarganya menderita kusta.
Dituduh berbuat dosa melakukan hubungan intim saat istri sedang haid bagi
seorang fanatik Islam dirasakan sebagai beban trauma psikosomatik yang sangat
berat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Orang tua, keluarga sangat menolak
anaknya didiagnosis kusta. Pada penelitian Penggunaan Pelayanan Kesehatan Di
Propinsi Kalimantan Timur dan Nusa Tenggara Barat (1990), hasil diskusi
kelompok di Kalimantan Timur menunjukkan bahwa anak dinyatakan sakit jika
menangis terus, badan berkeringat, tidak mau makan, tidak mau tidur, rewel,
kurus kering. Bagi orang dewasa, seseorang dinyatakan sakit kalau sudah tidak
bisa bekerja, tidak bisa berjalan, tidak enak badan, panas dingin, pusing,
lemas, kurang darah, batuk-batuk, mual, diare. Sedangkan hasil diskusi kelompok
di Nusa Tenggara Barat menunjukkan bahwa anak sakit dilihat dari keadaan fisik
tubuh dan tingkah lakunya yaitu jika menunjukkan gejala misalnya panas, batuk
pilek, mencret, muntah-muntah, gatal, luka, gigi bengkak, badan kuning, kaki
dan perut bengkak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Seorang pengobat tradisional yang
juga menerima pandangan kedokteran modern, mempunyai pengetahuan yang menarik
mengenai masalah sakit-sehat. Baginya, arti sakit adalah sebagai berikut: sakit
badaniah berarti ada tanda-tanda penyakit di badannya seperti panas tinggi,
penglihatan lemah, tidak kuat bekerja, sulit makan, tidur terganggu, dan badan
lemah atau sakit, maunya tiduran atau istirahat saja. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Pada penyakit batin tidak ada tanda-tanda di badannya, tetapi bisa
diketahui dengan menanyakan pada yang gaib. Pada orang yang sehat, gerakannya
lincah, kuat bekerja, suhu badan normal, makan dan tidur normal, penglihatan
terang, sorot mata cerah, tidak mengeluh lesu, lemah, atau sakit-sakit badan.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Sudarti (1987) menggambarkan secara deskriptif persepsi masyarakat
beberapa daerah di Indonesia mengenai sakit dan penyakit; masyarakat menganggap
bahwa sakit adalah keadaan individu mengalami serangkaian gangguan fisik yang
menimbulkan rasa tidak nyaman. Anak yang sakit ditandai dengan tingkah laku
rewel, sering menangis dan tidak nafsu makan. Orang dewasa dianggap sakit jika
lesu, tidak dapat bekerja, kehilangan nafsu makan, atau “kantong kering” (tidak
punya uang). Selanjutnya masyarakat menggolongkan penyebab sakit ke dalam 3
bagian yaitu :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Karena pengaruh gejala alam
(panas, dingin) terhadap tubuh manusia</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Makanan yang diklasifikasikan
ke dalam makanan panas dan dingin.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Supranatural (roh, guna-guna,
setan dan lain-lain.).</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Untuk mengobati sakit yang termasuk dalam golongan pertama dan ke
dua, dapat digunakan obat-obatan, ramuan-ramuan, pijat, kerok, pantangan makan,
dan bantuan tenaga kesehatan. Untuk penyebab sakit yang ke tiga harus
dimintakan bantuan dukun, kyai dan lain-lain. Dengan demikian upaya
penanggulangannya tergantung kepada kepercayaan mereka terhadap penyebab sakit.
Beberapa contoh penyakit pada bayi dan anak sebagai berikut :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Sakit demam dan panas.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Penyebabnya adalah perubahan cuaca, kena hujan, salah makan, atau
masuk angin. Pengobatannya adalah dengan cara mengompres dengan es, oyong, labu
putih yang dingin atau beli obat influensa. Di Indramayu dikatakan penyakit
adem meskipun gejalanya panas tinggi, supaya panasnya turun. Penyakit tampek
(campak) disebut juga sakit adem karena gejalanya badan panas.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Sakit mencret (diare).</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Penyebabnya adalah salah makan, makan kacang terlalu banyak, makan
makanan pedas, makan udang, ikan, anak meningkat kepandaiannya, susu ibu basi,
encer, dan lain-lain. Penanggulangannya dengan obat tradisional misalkan dengan
pucuk daun jambu dikunyah ibunya lalu diberikan kepada anaknya (Bima Nusa
Tenggara Barat) obat lainnya adalah Larutan Gula Garam (LGG), Oralit, pil Ciba
dan lain-lain. Larutan Gula Garam sudah dikenal hanya proporsi campurannya
tidak tepat.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Sakit kejang-kejang</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Masyarakat pada umumnya menyatakan bahwa sakit panas dan
kejang-kejang disebabkan oleh hantu. Di Sukabumi disebut hantu gegep, sedangkan
di Sumatra Barat disebabkan hantu jahat. Di Indramayu pengobatannya adalah
dengan dengan pergi ke dukun atau memasukkan bayi ke bawah tempat tidur yang
ditutupi jaring.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Sakit tampek (campak)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Penyebabnya adalah karena anak terkena panas dalam, anak dimandikan
saat panas terik, atau kesambet. Di Indramayu ibu-ibu mengobatinya dengan
membalur anak dengan asam kawak, meminumkan madu dan jeruk nipis atau
memberikan daun suwuk, yang menurut kepercayaan dapat mengisap penyakit.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">e.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kejadian Penyakit</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Penyakit merupakan suatu fenomena kompleks yang berpengaruh negatif
terhadap kehidupan manusia. Perilaku dan cara hidup manusia dapat merupakan
penyebab bermacam-macam penyakit baik di zaman primitif maupun di masyarakat
yang sudah sangat maju peradaban dan kebudayaannya. Ditinjau dari segi biologis
penyakit merupakan kelainan berbagai organ tubuh manusia, sedangkan dari segi
kemasyarakatan keadaan sakit dianggap sebagai penyimpangan perilaku dari
keadaan sosial yang normatif. Penyimpangan itu dapat disebabkan oleh kelainan
biomedis organ tubuh atau lingkungan manusia, tetapi juga dapat disebabkan oleh
kelainan emosional dan psikososial individu bersangkutan. Faktor emosional dan
psikososial ini pada dasarnya merupakan akibat dari lingkungan hidup atau
ekosistem manusia dan adat kebiasaan manusia atau kebudayaan.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Konsep kejadian penyakit menurut ilmu kesehatan bergantung jenis
penyakit. Secara umum konsepsi ini ditentukan oleh berbagai faktor antara lain
parasit, vektor, manusia dan lingkungannya. Para ahli antropologi kesehatan
yang dari definisinya dapat disebutkan berorientasi ke ekologi, menaruh
perhatian pada hubungan timbal balik antara manusia dan lingkungan alamnya,
tingkah laku penyakitnya dan cara-cara tingkah laku penyakitnya mempengaruhi
evolusi kebudayaannya melalui proses umpan balik (Foster, Anderson, 1978).</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Penyakit dapat dipandang sebagai suatu unsur dalam lingkungan
manusia, seperti tampak pada ciri sel-sabit (sickle-cell) di kalangan penduduk
Afrika Barat, suatu perubahan evolusi yang adaptif, yang memberikan imunitas
relatif terhadap malaria. Ciri sel sabit sama sekali bukan ancaman, bahkan
merupakan karakteristik yang diinginkan karena memberikan proteksi yang tinggi
terhadap gigitan nyamuk Anopheles.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Bagi masyarakat Dani di Papua, penyakit dapat merupakan simbol
sosial positif, yang diberi nilai-nilai tertentu. Etiologi penyakit dapat
dijelaskan melalui sihir, tetapi juga sebagai akibat dosa. Simbol sosial juga
dapat merupakan sumber penyakit. Dalam peradaban modern, keterkaitan antara
simbol-simbol sosial dan risiko kesehatan sering tampak jelas, misalnya remaja
merokok.<br />
Suatu kajian hubungan antara psikiatri dan antropologi dalam konteks perubahan
sosial ditulis oleh Rudi Salan (1994), berdasarkan pengalaman sendiri sebagai
psikiater; salah satu kasusnya sebagai berikut : Seorang perempuan yang sudah
cukup umur reumatiknya diobati hanya dengan vitamin dan minyak ikan saja dan
percaya penyakitnya akan sembuh. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Menurut pasien penyakitnya disebabkan karena “darah kotor” oleh
karena itu satu-satunya jalan penyembuhan adalah dengan makan makanan yang
bersih , yaitu `mutih’ (ditambah vitamin seperlunya agar tidak kekurangan
vitamin) sampai darahnya menjadi bersih kembali. Bagi seorang dokter pendapat
itu tidak masuk akal, tetapi begitulah kenyataan yang ada dalam masyarakat.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB III<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">PENUNUTUP<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kesimpulan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Demekian makalah tentang menjelaskan
peradaban budaya,peradaban social ekonomi,peradaban keluarga,perdaban perilaku
sehat dan sakit pada masyarakat modern dn tradisional dan peradaban intergritas
pelayanan kesehatan dan IPTEK KES pada berbagai social budaya mayarakat.Saya
buat semoga dapat berguna bagi kita semua.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<h1 align="center" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">‘’ Buku Makalah
Tentang Peradaban Budaya Di China Dan Perdaban Sosial Ekonomi Di China,peradaban
keluarga,peradaban perilaku sehat san sakit pada masyarakat modern dan
tradisional dan peradaban intergrtas pelayanan kesehatan dan IPTEK KES pada
berbagai social budaya masyarakat ‘’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 19.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">MAKALAH TRANSKULTURAL</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 17.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 17.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></h1>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">(Makalah ini
diajukan untuk memenuhi tugas Transkultural)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Disusun oleh:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h1 align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></h1>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">AHMAD RIPAI<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">NIM:
4201.0111.A.003<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">DOSEN: ASIAH, S.Kep, Ners<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Prodi: </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">S1 KEPERAWATAN</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">SEKOLAH
TINGGI ILMU KESEHATAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">STIKes
CIREBON<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Jl.Brigjen
Dharsono No. 12 B Cirebon Telp. (0231) 247852<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Email : </span></b><span lang="EN-US"><a href="mailto:STIKes_2005@yahoo.com"><b><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">STIKes_2005@yahoo.com</span></b></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="height: 36px; left: 0px; margin-left: 264px; margin-top: 26px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 44px; z-index: 251658240;"><img height="36" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1028" width="44" /></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Website : </span></b><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.yassri.com/"><b><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">WWW.yassri.com</span></b></a></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">KATA
PENGANTAR</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Puji dan syukur
kehadirat ALLAH SWT atas rahmat dan hidayah-Nya sehingga kami dapat menyusun </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Makalah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Mata Kuliah </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Keperawatan Transkultural</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
untuk memenuhi daripada tugas </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Uas Keperawatan Transkultural </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> mengenai </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">budaya
Mesir.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Maksud dan
tujuan pembuatan makalah ini, guna untuk mengenal lebih dalam mengenai berbagai
macam</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> budaya di Mesir</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> dan menambah
nilai-nil</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">ai pengetahuan budaya di berbagai
negara.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Saya juga sangat
berterimakasih kepada berbagai pihak seperti, Orang Tua Saya yang sudah
mendukung dalam pembuatan Makalah ini, Dosen yang sudah memberi tugas,
teman-teman yang sudah membantu saya dalam pembuatan Makalah, pihak </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Print Out</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> yang telah membantu
percetakannya. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Saran dan kritik
dari semua pihak sangat kami harapkan demi penyempurnaan penyusunan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Makalah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> ini. Kepada
Mahasiswa/Mahasiswi yang telah menggunakan buku</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">/makalah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> ini, kami ucapkan terimakasih. Semoga
buku ini bermanfaat khususnya bagi pembaca dan bagi masyarakat pada umumnya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Penulis<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">i<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">DAFTAR ISI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">K</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">ATA PENGANTAR</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.............................................................................................. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">.. i<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">DAFTAR
ISI............................................................................................................. .. ii<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">BAB </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">I </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">PENDAHULUAN..</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">....................... </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">........................................................... </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; tab-stops: right dotted 14.0cm left blank 404.0pt; text-indent: -81.0pt;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span>A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Latar </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">l</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">elakang</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">................................................................................. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.. 1</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; tab-stops: right dotted 14.0cm left blank 404.0pt; text-indent: -81.0pt;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span>B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tujuan............................................................................................. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.. </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">BAB II PEMBAHASA</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">N......................................................................................... 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: right dotted 14.0cm left blank 404.0pt; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Gambaran tentang Peradaban Budaya
di china</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">................................. </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Gambaran tentang Sosial Ekonomi
china........................................ .. 4<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: right dotted 14.0cm left blank 404.0pt; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Gambaran tentang Peradaban
Keluarga Di china. ............................. 9<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: right dotted 14.0cm left blank 404.0pt; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">D.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Gambaran peradaban Perilaku
sehat-Sakit Pada masyarakat <o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: right dotted 14.0cm left blank 404.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Modern dan
tradisional Di china........................................................ 10<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">E.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Peradaban Intergritas Kesehatan
dan IPTEK Kes di Berbagai <o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: right dotted 14.0cm left blank 404.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Sosial Budaya Masyarakat
Di china................................................... 19<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">BAB III PENUTUP.....................................................................
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">............................... 27<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kesimpulan
...........................................................................
…………..</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">. .. 27<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Daftar Pustaka<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ii<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07603932376022842245noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7997065121951304751.post-87906685370620199652012-08-04T03:02:00.000-07:002012-08-04T03:02:30.174-07:00cairan tubuh<br />
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB
I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Latar Belakang <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keperawatan sebagai profesi dituntut untuk mengembangkan
keilmuannya sebagai wujud kepeduliannya dalam meningkatkan kesejahteraan umat
manusia baik dalam tingkatan preklinik maupun klinik. Untuk dapat mengembangkan
keilmuannya maka keperawatan dituntut untuk peka terhadap perubahan-perubahan
yang terjadi di lingkungannya setiap saat. Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam seperti Kimia
pun dapat menjadi salah satu aspek untuk menjadikan perawat yang professional.
Dalam hal ini perawat agar mampu
mengetahui Cairan Tubuh yang di dalamnya terdapat beberapa komponen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kebutuhan cairan dan elektrolit adalah suatu proses dinamik
karena metabolisme tubuh membutuhkan perubahan yang tetap dalam berespons
terhadap stressor fisiologis dan lingkungan. Keseimbangan cairan adalah
esensial bagi kesehatan. Dengan kemampuannya yang sangat besar untuk
menyesuaikan diri, tubuh mempertahankan keseimbangan, biasanya dengan
proses-proses faal (fisiologis) yang terintegrasi yang mengakibatkan adanya
lingkungan sel yang relatif konstan tapi dinamis. Kemampuan tubuh untuk
mempertahankan keseimbangan cairan ini dinamakan “homeostasis”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tujauan <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk memenuhi tugas mata kuliah
kima<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk mengetahui komposisi tubuh
manusia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk mengetahui kompartemen tubuh
manusia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Manfaat <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengetahui kompartemen tubuh manusia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengetahui pergerakan air dan zat terlarut diantara
kompartemen cairan tubuh<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengetahui ketonusan larutan isotonik, hipotonik dan
hipertonik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB II<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kompartemen cairan tubuh<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Air
beserta unsur-unsur didalamnya yang diperlukan untuk kesehatan sel disebut
cairan tubuh. Cairan ini sebagian berada diluar sel (ekstraselular) dan
sebagian lagi didalam sel (intraselular). Cairan tubuh terdiri dari:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cairan Intraselular (CIS) = 40% dari BB total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adalah
cairan yang terkandung di dalam sel. Pada orang dewasa kira-kira 2/3 dari
cairan tubuh adalah intraselular, sama kira-kira 25 L pada rata-rata pria
dewasa (70 kg). Sebaliknya, hanya ½ dari cairan tubuh bayi adalah cairan
intraselular. 50% dari berat badan letaknya didalam sel dan mengandung
elektrolit, kalium fosfat dan bahan makanan seperti glukosa dan asam amino.
Kerja enzim dalam sel sifatnya konstan, memecahkan dan membangun kembali
sebagaimana dalam semua metabolisme untuk mempertahankan keseimbangan cairan
tubuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cairan Ekstraselular (CES) = 20% dari BB total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adalah
cairan diluar sel. Ukuran relatif dari (CES)menurun dengan peningkatan usia.
Pada bayi baru lahir, kira-kir ½ cairan tubuh terkandung didalam (CES). Setelah
1 tahun, volume relatif dari (CES) menurun sampai kira-kira 1/3 dari volume
total. Ini hampir sebanding dengan 15 L dalam rata-rata pria dewasa (70 kg).
Lebih jauh (CES) dibagi menjadi :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cairan interstisial (CIT) : Cairan disekitar sel, sama
dengan kira-kira 8 L pada orang dewasa. Cairan limfe termasuk dalam volume
interstisial. Relatif terhadap ukuran tubuh, volume (CIT) kira-kira sebesar 2
kali lebih besar pada bayi baru lahir dibanding orang dewasa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cairan intravaskular (CIV) : Cairan yang terkandung di dalam
pembuluh darah. Volume relatif dari (CIV) sama pada orang dewasa dan anak-anak.
Rata-rata volume darah orang dewasa kira-kira 5-6 L (8% dari BB), 3 L (60%)
dari jumlah tersebut adalah PLASMA. Sisanya 2-3 L (40%) terdiri dari sel darah
merah (SDM, atau eritrosit) yang mentranspor oksigen dan bekerja sebagai bufer
tubuh yang penting; sel darah putih (SDP, atau leukosit); dan trombosit. Tapi
nilai tersebut diatas dapat bervariasi pada orang yang berbeda-beda, bergantung
pada jenis kelamin, berat badan dan faktor-faktor lain. membentuk 30% cairan
dalam tubuh (kurang lebih 12 liter). Air ini merupakan medium di tengah sel
hidup. Sel menerima garam, makanan, oksigen, dan melepaskan semua hasil
buangannya kedalam cairan itu juga. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adapun
fungsi dari darah adalah mencakup :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pengiriman nutrien (mis ; glokusa
dan oksigen) ke jaringan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">transpor produk sisa ke ginjal dan
paru-paru<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pengiriman antibodi dan SDP ke
tempat infeksi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">transpor hormon ke tempat aksinya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sirkulasi panas tubuh<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cairan Transelular (CTS)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adalah
cairan yang terkandung di dalam rongga khusus dari tubuh. Contoh (CTS) meliputi
cairan serebrospinal, perikardial, pleural, sinovial, dan cairan intraokular
serta sekresi lambung. Pada waktu tertentu (CTS) mendekati jumlah 1 L. Namun,
sejumlah besar cairan dapat saja bergerak kedalam dan keluar ruang transelular
setiap harinya. Sebagai contoh, saluran gastro-intestinal (GI) secara normal
mensekresi dan mereabsorbsi sampai 6-8 L per-hari. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Secara
Skematis Jenis dan Jumlah Cairan Tubuh dapat digambarkan sebagai berikut : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="komposisi-cairan" height="317" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_1" width="463" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prosentase Total Cairan Tubuh Dibandingkan Berat Badan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="komposisi-cairan11" height="204" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_2" width="500" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Distribusi Cairan Tubuh<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="distribusi-cairan1" height="173" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_3" width="500" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l15 level2 lfo10; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keterangan : Untuk laki-laki, BB =
70 Kg<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l15 level2 lfo10; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Catatan : Sebenarnya ada kompartemen
CES lain, yaitu : limfe & cairan transeluler. Cairan transelular hanya 1-2
% BB, meliputi cairan sinovial, pleura, intraokuler, dll.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Protein
dalam keadaan normal dalam plasma konsentrasinya 70-80 gram/liter, albumin
40-50 gram/liter. Pada ujung arterial dari kapiler, tekanan hidrotastik lebih
besar dari tekanan osmotic plasma sehingga membantu pembentukan cairan interstial
yang bebas protein. Tekanan osmotic koloid melebihi tekanan hidrostatik yang
telah berkurang dan cairan jaringan ditarik kembali ke dalam ruangan
instravaskuler.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pergerakan air dan zat pelarut
diantara kompartemen cairan tubuh<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Air
beserta unsur-unsur didalamnya yang diperlukan untuk kesehatan sel disebut
cairan tubuh. Cairan dalam plasma berada dibawah tekanan hidrostastik lebih
besar daripada tekanan interstisial. Oleh karena itu cairan cenderung keluar
dari pembuluh kapiler.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada
ujung kapiler arteri, tekanan hidrostatik lebih besar dari tekanan osmotic,
yang imbangan kekuatan mendorong cairan masuk jaringan. Sedangkan pada ujung
kapiler vena tekanan hidrostatik kurang, tekanan osmotic mengatasinya dan
menarik kembali cairan masuk kapiler. Secara normal cairan yang meninggalkan
kapiler lebih banyak daripada cairan yang kembali masuk kedalamnya, kelebihan
ini disalurkan melalui limfe (getah bening).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pertukaran
antara cairan intraselular dan ekstraselular juga bergantung pada tekanan
osmotic. Akan tetapi membrane sel mempunyai permeabilitas selektif dan dilalui
oleh beberapa bahan seperti oksigen, karbon dioksida, dan ureum secara bebas.
Mekanisme ini memompakan bahan lain masuk atau keluar untuk mempertahankan
konsentrasi dalam cairan intraselular dan ekstraselular. Misalnya, kalium
dikonsentrasikan dalam cairan intraselular sedangkan natrium dipompakan ke
luar. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cairan
tubuh dan zat terlarut didalamnya berada dalam mobilitas konstan dan proses
menerima dan mengeluarkan cairan yang terus-menerus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Oksigen, zat gizi, dan cairan
elektrolit diangkut ke paru-paru dan saluran pencernaan, lalu dibawa keseluruh
tubuh melalui sirkulasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cairan dalam pembuluh darah dan zat
yang terlarut secara cepat saling bertukar dengan CIS melalui membrane kapiler.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">CIS dan zat yang ada didalamnya
saling bertukar dengan CIS melalui membran sel yang permeabel selektif. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh
cairan tubuh adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darah" title="Darah"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Darah</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_darah" title="Plasma darah"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">plasma darah</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitosol" title="Sitosol"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Sitosol</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zalir_serebrospinal" title="Zalir serebrospinal"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Zalir serebrospinal</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Korpus_vitreum&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Korpus vitreum (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Korpus vitreum</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> maupun
</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Humor_vitreous&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Humor vitreous (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">humor vitreous</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serumen&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Serumen (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Serumen</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Humor_aqueous&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Humor aqueous (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Humor aqueous</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Cairan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Limfa&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Limfa (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">limfa</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cairan_pleura&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Cairan pleura (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Cairan pleura</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cairan_amnion&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Cairan amnion (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Cairan amnion</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Peran / Manfaat / Kegunaan / Fungsi
Cairan Tubuh Manusia<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Air</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
merupakan bagian terbesar dari komposisi tubuh manusia. Hampir semua reaksi di
dalam tubuh manusia memerlukan cairan. Agar metabolisme tubuh berjalan dengan
baik, dibutuhkan masukan cairan setiap hari untuk menggantikan cairan yang
hilang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Fungsi cairan tubuh antara lain :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Mengatur suhu tubuh</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Bila
kekurangan air, suhu tubuh akan menjadi panas dan naik.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Melancarkan peredaran darah</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Jika
tubuh kita kurang cairan, maka darah akan mengental. Hal ini disebabkan cairan
dalam darah tersedot untuk kebutuhan dalam tubuh. Proses tersebut akan
berpengaruh pada kinerja otak dan jantung.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Membuang racun dan sisa makanan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Tersedianya
cairan tubuh yang cukup dapat membantu mengeluarkan racun dalam tubuh. Air
membersihkan racun dalam tubuh melalui keringat, air seni, dan pernafasan.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kulit</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Air
sangat penting untuk mengatur struktur dan fungsi kulit. Kecukupan air dalam
tubuh berguna untuk menjaga kelembaban, kelembutan, dan elastisitas kulit
akibat pengaruh suhu udara dari luar tubuh. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pencernaan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Peran
air dalam proses pencernaan untuk mengangkut nutrisi dan oksigen melalui darah
untuk segera dikirim ke sel-sel tubuh. Konsumsi air yang cukup akan membantu
kerja sistem pencernaan di dalam usus besar karena gerakan usus menjadi lebih
lancar, sehingga feses pun keluar dengan lancar.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pernafasan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Paru-paru
memerlukan air untuk pernafasan karena paru-paru harus basah dalam bekerja
memasukkan oksigen ke sel tubuh dan memompa karbondioksida keluar tubuh. Hal
ini dapat dilihat apabila kita menghembuskan nafas ke kaca, maka akan terlihat
cairan berupa embun dari nafas yang dihembuskan pada kaca.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Sendi dan otot</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Cairan
tubuh melindungi dan melumasi gerakan pada sendi dan otot. Otot tubuh akan
mengempis apabila tubuh kekurangan cairan. Oleh sebab itu, perlu minum air
dengan cukup selama beraktivitas untuk meminimalisir resiko kejang otot dan
kelelahan.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">8.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pemulihan penyakit</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Air
mendukung proses pemulihan ketika sakit karena asupan air yang memadai
berfungsi untuk menggantikan cairan tubuh yang terbuang.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Osmosis<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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Osmosis adalah kasus khusus dari difusi. Ini
hanyalah difusi air melalui membran permeabel selektif. Ini berarti bahwa air
bergerak melalui membran permeabel selektif dalam arah gradien konsentrasinya.
Untuk osmosis terjadi harus ada:</div>
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<span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span>Sebuah
membran selektif permeabel antara dua solusi air, atau antara larutan air dan
air murni.</div>
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2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span>Konsentrasi zat terlarut dalam dua solusi harus
tidak sama; yaitu harus ada lebih zat
terlarut pada satu sisi membran dari pada sisi lain.<o:p></o:p></div>
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3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span>Membran harus kedap zat terlarut, tetapi permeabel
terhadap air.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span class="hps">Sekarang mari kita</span> <span class="hps">menguji kembali</span> <span class="hps">diagram</span> <span class="hps">sebelumnya dan</span> <span class="hps">menginterpretasikan
hasil</span> <span class="hps">dalam hal</span> <span class="hps">osmosis.</span> <span class="hps">Pada</span> <span class="hps">setiap sisi</span> <span class="hps">dari
tabung</span> <span class="hps">kami memiliki solusi</span> <span class="hps">air</span>
<span class="hps">dipisahkan</span> <span class="hps">oleh membran</span> <span class="hps">selektif</span> <span class="hps">permeabel</span>. <span class="hps">Titik-titik</span>
<span class="hps">biru</span> <span class="hps">mewakili</span> <span class="hps">zat
terlarut</span> <span class="hps">(Mereka</span> <span class="hps">bisa menjadi</span>
<span class="hps">molekul</span> <span class="hps">gula).</span> <span class="hps">Konsentrasi
zat terlarut</span> <span class="hps">lebih besar</span> <span class="hps">di
sebelah kiri</span> <span class="hps">daripada</span> <span class="hps">kanan.</span>
<span class="hps">Membran adalah</span> <span class="hps">kedap</span> <span class="hps">solut.</span> <span class="hps">Air</span> <span class="hps">akan
bergerak</span> <span class="hps">dari tempat itu</span> <span class="hps">lebih
terkonsentrasi</span> <span class="hps">ke tempat</span> <span class="hps">konsentrasi</span>
<span class="hps">air kurang</span> <span class="hps">(ingat bahwa</span> <span class="hps">adalah definisi dari</span> <span class="hps">difusi).</span> <span class="hps">Sekarang Anda</span> <span class="hps">harus melakukan</span> <span class="hps">switch</span>-hati <span class="hps">berpikir.</span> <span class="hps">Air</span>
<span class="hps">akan bergerak menuju</span> <span class="hps">sisi membran</span>
<span class="hps">di mana ada</span> <span class="hps">zat terlarut</span> <span class="hps">lebih.</span> <span class="hps">Hal ini terjadi karena</span> <span class="hps">di mana ada</span> <span class="hps">zat terlarut</span>, ada <span class="hps">sedikit air</span>. <span class="hps">Mengacu pada</span> <span class="hps">diagram,</span> <span class="hps">kita melihat</span> <span class="hps">air</span>
<span class="hps">yang mengalir</span> <span class="hps">dari samping</span> <span class="hps">dengan 0</span>% <span class="hps">zat terlarut</span> <span class="hps">ke
samping</span> <span class="hps">dengan</span> <span class="hps">zat terlarut</span>
<span class="hps">20%.</span> <span class="hps">Hal ini mengurangi</span> <span class="hps">konsentrasi</span> <span class="hps">untuk</span> <span class="hps">zat
terlarut</span> <span class="hps">15%</span> <span class="hps">dalam tabung</span> <span class="hps">B.</span> <span class="hps">air</span> <span class="hps">dari sisi kanan</span>
<span class="hps">tabung</span> <span class="hps">akan terus</span> <span class="hps">mencairkan</span> <span class="hps">solusi pada</span> <span class="hps">sisi
kiri</span> <span class="hps">sampai tekanan</span> <span class="hps">dari solusi</span>
<span class="hps">di sebelah kiri</span> <span class="hps">sama dengan tekanan</span>
<span class="hps">osmotik</span>, <span class="hps">yaitu sebagai</span> <span class="hps">molekul air</span> <span class="hps">banyak</span> <span class="hps">didorong</span>
<span class="hps">dari kiri ke kanan</span> <span class="hps">oleh tekanan</span> <span class="hps">dari kolom</span> <span class="hps">seperti juga</span> <span class="hps">menyebar</span> <span class="hps">dari kanan ke kiri</span> <span class="hps">melalui osmosis.</span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="EN-US">Organisme</span></span> tergantung pada osmosis untuk memindahkan air dari satu ruang ke yang
lain. Tidak ada mekanisme untuk transportasi aktif air karena ada untuk zat
lain seperti kalsium, natrium dan glukosa. Hal ini diperlukan untuk memompa
garam atau larutan lain dari sel ke dalam ruang jaringan dan menciptakan
gradien osmotik untuk memindahkan air dari sel. Sebaliknya, gradien osmotik
yang diperlukan untuk memindahkan air ke dalam sel. Untuk memahami ini lebih
baik kita perlu memeriksa apa yang terjadi pada sel ketika mereka ditempatkan
dalam larutan dengan konsentrasi zat terlarut yang berbeda. </div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="226" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1028" width="398" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Dalam
pengobatan</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">, dialisis <span class="hps">terutama digunakan</span> <span class="hps">untuk menyediakan</span> <span class="hps">pengganti</span> <span class="hps">buatan untuk</span> <span class="hps">fungsi
ginjal</span> <span class="hps">hilang (</span>terapi <span class="hps">penggantian
ginjal</span>) akibat <span class="hps">gagal ginjal.</span> <span class="hps">Dialisis</span>
<span class="hps">dapat </span></span><span lang="EN-US">digunakan</span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">
untuk</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">pasien yang
sangat</span> <span class="hps">sakit yang</span> <span class="hps">tiba-tiba</span>
<span class="hps">tetapi</span> <span class="hps">untuk sementara,</span> <span class="hps">kehilangan</span> <span class="hps">fungsi ginjal</span> <span class="hps">(gagal ginjal</span> <span class="hps">akut)</span> <span class="hps">atau
untuk pasien</span> <span class="hps">cukup stabil</span> <span class="hps">yang
telah</span> <span class="hps">hilang secara permanen</span> <span class="hps">fungsi
ginjal</span> <span class="hps">(stadium</span> <span class="hps">5</span> <span class="hps">penyakit ginjal</span> <span class="hps">kronis).</span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk pasien dengan stadium 5, atau Tahap Akhir Penyakit Ginjal (ESKD),
penurunan fungsi ginjal terjadi selama periode bulan untuk tahun sampai tingkat
yang dicapai pada pengobatan yang dibutuhkan untuk bertahan hidup. Tidak
seperti Gagal Ginjal Akut (GGA) (Ginjal Cedera akut (AKI)), Gagal Ginjal Kronis
tidak bisa disembuhkan atau terbalik dan jangka panjang perawatan yang
diperlukan untuk menggantikan fungsi yang hilang dari ginjal. Perawatan untuk
ESKD yang paling alami menggantikan fungsi ginjal hilang adalah transplantasi
ginjal. Namun, beberapa pasien tidak kandidat yang baik untuk transplantasi
karena alasan medis atau lainnya, beberapa tidak dapat menerima transplantasi
karena kekurangan air ginjal donor, dan yang lain hanya memutuskan bahwa
transplantasi adalah bukan pilihan terbaik bagi mereka. Akibatnya, kebanyakan
pasien dengan ESKD harus bergantung pada dialisis untuk mengganti air dan
fungsi pembuangan sampah dari ginjal sehat.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">E.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Difusi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Difusi merupakan peristiwa ketika gas
zat dalam larutan yang mengambang karena gerakan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">molekul</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
ion, cenderung mengisi seluruh ruangan yang tersedia. Molekul sebuah zat yang
larut dalam larutan selalu berada dalam gerakan yang cenderung menyebar dari
daerah konsentrasi tinggi ke daerah konsentrasi rendah sampai konsentrasi sama
pada seluruh larutan. Difusi ion juga dipengaruhi oleh muatan listrik, bila
terdapat selisih potensial antara dua daerah ion yang bermuatan positif
bergerak menurut gradien listrik menuju ke daerah yang bermuatan negative, dan
ion-ion yang bermuatan negative bergerak ke arah yang berlawanan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ada
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">beberapa</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> faktor yang memengaruhi kecepatan
difusi, yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ukuran partikel. Semakin kecil
ukuran partikel, semakin cepat partikel itu akan bergerak, sehingga
kecepatan difusi semakin tinggi.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ketebalan membran. Semakin
tebal membran, semakin lambat kecepatan difusi.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Luas suatu area. Semakin besar
luas area, semakin cepat kecepatan difusinya.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jarak. Semakin besar jarak
antara dua konsentrasi, semakin lambat kecepatan difusinya.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suhu. Semakin tinggi suhu,
partikel mendapatkan energi untuk bergerak dengan lebih cepat. Maka,
semakin cepat pula kecepatan difusinya.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">F.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dialisis<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dialisis adalah tindakan medis yang
tugasnya dalam beberapa hal sama dengan yang dilakukan oleh </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ginjal</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
kita yang sehat. Dialisis diperlukan apabila ginjal kita tidak dapat lagi
bekerja sesuai dengan yang dibutuhkan oleh tubuh. Dialisis diperlukan apabila
sudah sampai pada tahap akhir kerusakan ginjal atau gagal ginjal terminal( End
Stage Renal Disease). Biasanya terjadi apabila kerusakan ginjal sudah mencapai
85-90 persen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">G.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ketonusan Larutan Isotonik <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Larutan isotonik adalah larutan yang mempunyai osmolalitas
sama efektifnya dengan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">cairan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> tubuh
(kira-kira 280-300 mOsm/kg). Contohnya adalah normal salin-larutan natrium
klorida (NaCl) 0,9%. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Hipertonik</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Larutan hipertonik adalah suatu larutan
dengan konsentrasi zat terlarut lebih tinggi (tekanan osmotik yang lebih
tinggi) dari pada yang lain sehingga air bergerak ke luar sel. Dalam lingkungan
hipertonik, tekanan osmotik menyebabkan air mengalir keluar sel. Jika cukup air
dipindahkan dengan cara ini, sitoplasma akan mempunyai konsentrasi air yang
sedikit sehingga sel tidak berfungsi lagi.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Hipotonik</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Larutan
hipotonik adalah suatu larutan dengan konsentrasi zat terlarut lebih rendah
(tekanan osmotik lebih </span><span lang="EN-US">rendah) dari pada yang lain sehingga air bergerak ke dalam sel.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
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<b><span lang="EN-US">BAB III<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US">PENUTUP<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US">A.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Kesimpulan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kompartemen Cairan Tubuh adalah Air
beserta unsur-unsur didalamnya yang diperlukan untuk kesehatan sel disebut
cairan tubuh. Yang terdiri dari cairan ekstraselular, cairan intraselular, dan
plasma darah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pergerakan air dan zat pelarut
diantara kompartemen cairan tubuh yang di dalamnya air beserta unsur-unsur yang
diperlukan untuk kesehatan sel disebut cairan tubuh. Cairan dalam plasma berada
dibawah tekanan hidrostastik lebih besar daripada tekanan interstisial. Oleh
karena itu cairan cenderung keluar dari pembuluh kapiler.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Osmosis adalah
kasus khusus dari difusi. Ini hanyalah difusi air melalui membran permeabel
selektif</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Difusi merupakan peristiwa ketika gas zat dalam
larutan yang mengambang karena gerakan molekul ion, cenderung mengisi seluruh
ruangan yang tersedia. Sedangkan Dialisis adalah tindakan medis yang tugasnya
dalam beberapa hal sama dengan yang dilakukan oleh ginjal kita yang sehat.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">4. <span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Ketonusan Larutan Isotonik</span><b><span lang="EN-US"> </span></b><span lang="EN-US">adalah larutan
yang mempunyai osmolalitas sama efektifnya dengan cairan tubuh (kira-kira
280-300 mOsm/kg). </span><span lang="EN-US">Larutan hipertonik adalah suatu
larutan dengan konsentrasi zat terlarut lebih tinggi (tekanan osmotik yang
lebih tinggi) dari pada yang lain sehingga air bergerak ke luar sel. Larutan hipotonik adalah suatu larutan dengan
konsentrasi zat terlarut lebih rendah (tekanan osmotik lebih rendah) dari pada
yang lain sehingga air bergerak ke dalam sel.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Churcil
Levingston (1989). Aids to fluid and Electrolite Behavior. Alih bahasa: Wili
Japaris (<i>keseimbangan cairan dan
Elektrolit</i>). Bina Rupa Aksara, Jakarta.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KATA PENGANTAR<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Puji syukur kehadirat ilahirabbi karena berkat
rahmat dan hidayahnya,saya menyusun makalah kimia tentang “Cairan Tubuh” dengan baik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Makalah ini berisi segala sesuatu yang berkaitan
dengan Cairan Tubuh yang ada di dalam tubuh manusia, tujuannya adalah sebagai
pedoman para siswa untuk mengerti lebih dalam Kimia yang di dalamnya terdapat
berbagai macam hal menyangkut Cairan Tubuh. Hal ini juga bertujuan untuk
mendorong para siswa supaya mengenal lebih dalam tentang Kimia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Saya ucapkan terima kasih kepada teman-teman dan
pihak-pihak yang telah membantu dalam penyusunan makalah ini. Kritik dan saran
yang membangun sangat saya harapkan untuk kesempurnaan makalah ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 360.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyusun<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="24" width="254"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td><img height="31" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1027" width="36" /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
<o:p> </o:p></span></b></div>
<br clear="ALL" />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR
ISI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: right dotted 389.85pt left blank 14.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kata
pengantar......................................................................................................... <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: right dotted 389.85pt left blank 14.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daftar
isi.................................................................................................................. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 42.55pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
I PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 63.8pt right dotted 382.75pt left blank 389.85pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Latar
Belakang................................................................................... 1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 63.8pt right dotted 382.75pt left blank 389.85pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rumusan
Masalah............................................................................... 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 42.55pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
II PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 63.8pt right dotted 382.75pt left blank 389.85pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kompartemen
Cairan Tubuh............................................................ .. 3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 63.8pt right dotted 382.75pt left blank 389.85pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pergerakan
air dan zat pelarut diantara kompartemen Cairan Tubuh<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 63.8pt right dotted 382.75pt left blank 389.85pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peran
/ manfaat / kegunaan / fungsi cairan tubuh............................ .. 8 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 63.8pt right dotted 382.75pt left blank 389.85pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Osmosis............................................................................................
10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 63.8pt right dotted 382.75pt left blank 389.85pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">E.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Difusi
................................................................................................. 13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 63.8pt right dotted 382.75pt left blank 389.85pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">F.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dialysis............................................................................................... 14<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 63.8pt right dotted 382.75pt left blank 389.85pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">G.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketonusan
larutan Isotonic................................................................. 15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 42.55pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
III PENUTUP<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: 63.8pt right dotted 382.75pt left blank 389.85pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan
..................................................................................... .. 16<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
<b>DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="style2" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="122" width="258"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td><img height="29" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1030" width="33" /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span lang="EN-US"> </span></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07603932376022842245noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7997065121951304751.post-37000179413875918032012-08-04T03:01:00.001-07:002012-08-04T03:02:30.145-07:00<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB
I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Latar Belakang <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keperawatan sebagai profesi dituntut untuk mengembangkan
keilmuannya sebagai wujud kepeduliannya dalam meningkatkan kesejahteraan umat
manusia baik dalam tingkatan preklinik maupun klinik. Untuk dapat mengembangkan
keilmuannya maka keperawatan dituntut untuk peka terhadap perubahan-perubahan
yang terjadi di lingkungannya setiap saat. Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam seperti Kimia
pun dapat menjadi salah satu aspek untuk menjadikan perawat yang professional.
Dalam hal ini perawat agar mampu
mengetahui Cairan Tubuh yang di dalamnya terdapat beberapa komponen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kebutuhan cairan dan elektrolit adalah suatu proses dinamik
karena metabolisme tubuh membutuhkan perubahan yang tetap dalam berespons
terhadap stressor fisiologis dan lingkungan. Keseimbangan cairan adalah
esensial bagi kesehatan. Dengan kemampuannya yang sangat besar untuk
menyesuaikan diri, tubuh mempertahankan keseimbangan, biasanya dengan
proses-proses faal (fisiologis) yang terintegrasi yang mengakibatkan adanya
lingkungan sel yang relatif konstan tapi dinamis. Kemampuan tubuh untuk
mempertahankan keseimbangan cairan ini dinamakan “homeostasis”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tujauan <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk memenuhi tugas mata kuliah
kima<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk mengetahui komposisi tubuh
manusia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk mengetahui kompartemen tubuh
manusia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Manfaat <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengetahui kompartemen tubuh manusia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengetahui pergerakan air dan zat terlarut diantara
kompartemen cairan tubuh<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengetahui ketonusan larutan isotonik, hipotonik dan
hipertonik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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</span>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB II<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kompartemen cairan tubuh<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Air
beserta unsur-unsur didalamnya yang diperlukan untuk kesehatan sel disebut
cairan tubuh. Cairan ini sebagian berada diluar sel (ekstraselular) dan
sebagian lagi didalam sel (intraselular). Cairan tubuh terdiri dari:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cairan Intraselular (CIS) = 40% dari BB total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adalah
cairan yang terkandung di dalam sel. Pada orang dewasa kira-kira 2/3 dari
cairan tubuh adalah intraselular, sama kira-kira 25 L pada rata-rata pria
dewasa (70 kg). Sebaliknya, hanya ½ dari cairan tubuh bayi adalah cairan
intraselular. 50% dari berat badan letaknya didalam sel dan mengandung
elektrolit, kalium fosfat dan bahan makanan seperti glukosa dan asam amino.
Kerja enzim dalam sel sifatnya konstan, memecahkan dan membangun kembali
sebagaimana dalam semua metabolisme untuk mempertahankan keseimbangan cairan
tubuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cairan Ekstraselular (CES) = 20% dari BB total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adalah
cairan diluar sel. Ukuran relatif dari (CES)menurun dengan peningkatan usia.
Pada bayi baru lahir, kira-kir ½ cairan tubuh terkandung didalam (CES). Setelah
1 tahun, volume relatif dari (CES) menurun sampai kira-kira 1/3 dari volume
total. Ini hampir sebanding dengan 15 L dalam rata-rata pria dewasa (70 kg).
Lebih jauh (CES) dibagi menjadi :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cairan interstisial (CIT) : Cairan disekitar sel, sama
dengan kira-kira 8 L pada orang dewasa. Cairan limfe termasuk dalam volume
interstisial. Relatif terhadap ukuran tubuh, volume (CIT) kira-kira sebesar 2
kali lebih besar pada bayi baru lahir dibanding orang dewasa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cairan intravaskular (CIV) : Cairan yang terkandung di dalam
pembuluh darah. Volume relatif dari (CIV) sama pada orang dewasa dan anak-anak.
Rata-rata volume darah orang dewasa kira-kira 5-6 L (8% dari BB), 3 L (60%)
dari jumlah tersebut adalah PLASMA. Sisanya 2-3 L (40%) terdiri dari sel darah
merah (SDM, atau eritrosit) yang mentranspor oksigen dan bekerja sebagai bufer
tubuh yang penting; sel darah putih (SDP, atau leukosit); dan trombosit. Tapi
nilai tersebut diatas dapat bervariasi pada orang yang berbeda-beda, bergantung
pada jenis kelamin, berat badan dan faktor-faktor lain. membentuk 30% cairan
dalam tubuh (kurang lebih 12 liter). Air ini merupakan medium di tengah sel
hidup. Sel menerima garam, makanan, oksigen, dan melepaskan semua hasil
buangannya kedalam cairan itu juga. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adapun
fungsi dari darah adalah mencakup :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pengiriman nutrien (mis ; glokusa
dan oksigen) ke jaringan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">transpor produk sisa ke ginjal dan
paru-paru<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pengiriman antibodi dan SDP ke
tempat infeksi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">transpor hormon ke tempat aksinya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sirkulasi panas tubuh<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cairan Transelular (CTS)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adalah
cairan yang terkandung di dalam rongga khusus dari tubuh. Contoh (CTS) meliputi
cairan serebrospinal, perikardial, pleural, sinovial, dan cairan intraokular
serta sekresi lambung. Pada waktu tertentu (CTS) mendekati jumlah 1 L. Namun,
sejumlah besar cairan dapat saja bergerak kedalam dan keluar ruang transelular
setiap harinya. Sebagai contoh, saluran gastro-intestinal (GI) secara normal
mensekresi dan mereabsorbsi sampai 6-8 L per-hari. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Secara
Skematis Jenis dan Jumlah Cairan Tubuh dapat digambarkan sebagai berikut : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="komposisi-cairan" height="317" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_1" width="463" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prosentase Total Cairan Tubuh Dibandingkan Berat Badan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="komposisi-cairan11" height="204" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_2" width="500" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Distribusi Cairan Tubuh<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="distribusi-cairan1" height="173" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_3" width="500" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l15 level2 lfo10; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keterangan : Untuk laki-laki, BB =
70 Kg<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l15 level2 lfo10; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Catatan : Sebenarnya ada kompartemen
CES lain, yaitu : limfe & cairan transeluler. Cairan transelular hanya 1-2
% BB, meliputi cairan sinovial, pleura, intraokuler, dll.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Protein
dalam keadaan normal dalam plasma konsentrasinya 70-80 gram/liter, albumin
40-50 gram/liter. Pada ujung arterial dari kapiler, tekanan hidrotastik lebih
besar dari tekanan osmotic plasma sehingga membantu pembentukan cairan interstial
yang bebas protein. Tekanan osmotic koloid melebihi tekanan hidrostatik yang
telah berkurang dan cairan jaringan ditarik kembali ke dalam ruangan
instravaskuler.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pergerakan air dan zat pelarut
diantara kompartemen cairan tubuh<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Air
beserta unsur-unsur didalamnya yang diperlukan untuk kesehatan sel disebut
cairan tubuh. Cairan dalam plasma berada dibawah tekanan hidrostastik lebih
besar daripada tekanan interstisial. Oleh karena itu cairan cenderung keluar
dari pembuluh kapiler.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada
ujung kapiler arteri, tekanan hidrostatik lebih besar dari tekanan osmotic,
yang imbangan kekuatan mendorong cairan masuk jaringan. Sedangkan pada ujung
kapiler vena tekanan hidrostatik kurang, tekanan osmotic mengatasinya dan
menarik kembali cairan masuk kapiler. Secara normal cairan yang meninggalkan
kapiler lebih banyak daripada cairan yang kembali masuk kedalamnya, kelebihan
ini disalurkan melalui limfe (getah bening).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pertukaran
antara cairan intraselular dan ekstraselular juga bergantung pada tekanan
osmotic. Akan tetapi membrane sel mempunyai permeabilitas selektif dan dilalui
oleh beberapa bahan seperti oksigen, karbon dioksida, dan ureum secara bebas.
Mekanisme ini memompakan bahan lain masuk atau keluar untuk mempertahankan
konsentrasi dalam cairan intraselular dan ekstraselular. Misalnya, kalium
dikonsentrasikan dalam cairan intraselular sedangkan natrium dipompakan ke
luar. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cairan
tubuh dan zat terlarut didalamnya berada dalam mobilitas konstan dan proses
menerima dan mengeluarkan cairan yang terus-menerus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Oksigen, zat gizi, dan cairan
elektrolit diangkut ke paru-paru dan saluran pencernaan, lalu dibawa keseluruh
tubuh melalui sirkulasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cairan dalam pembuluh darah dan zat
yang terlarut secara cepat saling bertukar dengan CIS melalui membrane kapiler.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">CIS dan zat yang ada didalamnya
saling bertukar dengan CIS melalui membran sel yang permeabel selektif. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh
cairan tubuh adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darah" title="Darah"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Darah</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_darah" title="Plasma darah"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">plasma darah</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitosol" title="Sitosol"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Sitosol</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zalir_serebrospinal" title="Zalir serebrospinal"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Zalir serebrospinal</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Korpus_vitreum&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Korpus vitreum (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Korpus vitreum</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> maupun
</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Humor_vitreous&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Humor vitreous (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">humor vitreous</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serumen&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Serumen (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Serumen</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Humor_aqueous&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Humor aqueous (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Humor aqueous</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Cairan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Limfa&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Limfa (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">limfa</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cairan_pleura&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Cairan pleura (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Cairan pleura</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cairan_amnion&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Cairan amnion (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Cairan amnion</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Peran / Manfaat / Kegunaan / Fungsi
Cairan Tubuh Manusia<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Air</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
merupakan bagian terbesar dari komposisi tubuh manusia. Hampir semua reaksi di
dalam tubuh manusia memerlukan cairan. Agar metabolisme tubuh berjalan dengan
baik, dibutuhkan masukan cairan setiap hari untuk menggantikan cairan yang
hilang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Fungsi cairan tubuh antara lain :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Mengatur suhu tubuh</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Bila
kekurangan air, suhu tubuh akan menjadi panas dan naik.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Melancarkan peredaran darah</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Jika
tubuh kita kurang cairan, maka darah akan mengental. Hal ini disebabkan cairan
dalam darah tersedot untuk kebutuhan dalam tubuh. Proses tersebut akan
berpengaruh pada kinerja otak dan jantung.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Membuang racun dan sisa makanan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Tersedianya
cairan tubuh yang cukup dapat membantu mengeluarkan racun dalam tubuh. Air
membersihkan racun dalam tubuh melalui keringat, air seni, dan pernafasan.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kulit</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Air
sangat penting untuk mengatur struktur dan fungsi kulit. Kecukupan air dalam
tubuh berguna untuk menjaga kelembaban, kelembutan, dan elastisitas kulit
akibat pengaruh suhu udara dari luar tubuh. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pencernaan</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Peran
air dalam proses pencernaan untuk mengangkut nutrisi dan oksigen melalui darah
untuk segera dikirim ke sel-sel tubuh. Konsumsi air yang cukup akan membantu
kerja sistem pencernaan di dalam usus besar karena gerakan usus menjadi lebih
lancar, sehingga feses pun keluar dengan lancar.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pernafasan</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Paru-paru
memerlukan air untuk pernafasan karena paru-paru harus basah dalam bekerja
memasukkan oksigen ke sel tubuh dan memompa karbondioksida keluar tubuh. Hal
ini dapat dilihat apabila kita menghembuskan nafas ke kaca, maka akan terlihat
cairan berupa embun dari nafas yang dihembuskan pada kaca.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Sendi dan otot</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Cairan
tubuh melindungi dan melumasi gerakan pada sendi dan otot. Otot tubuh akan
mengempis apabila tubuh kekurangan cairan. Oleh sebab itu, perlu minum air
dengan cukup selama beraktivitas untuk meminimalisir resiko kejang otot dan
kelelahan.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">8.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pemulihan penyakit</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Air
mendukung proses pemulihan ketika sakit karena asupan air yang memadai
berfungsi untuk menggantikan cairan tubuh yang terbuang.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Osmosis<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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Osmosis adalah kasus khusus dari difusi. Ini
hanyalah difusi air melalui membran permeabel selektif. Ini berarti bahwa air
bergerak melalui membran permeabel selektif dalam arah gradien konsentrasinya.
Untuk osmosis terjadi harus ada:</div>
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<span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span>Sebuah
membran selektif permeabel antara dua solusi air, atau antara larutan air dan
air murni.</div>
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2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span>Konsentrasi zat terlarut dalam dua solusi harus
tidak sama; yaitu harus ada lebih zat
terlarut pada satu sisi membran dari pada sisi lain.<o:p></o:p></div>
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3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span>Membran harus kedap zat terlarut, tetapi permeabel
terhadap air.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span class="hps">Sekarang mari kita</span> <span class="hps">menguji kembali</span> <span class="hps">diagram</span> <span class="hps">sebelumnya dan</span> <span class="hps">menginterpretasikan
hasil</span> <span class="hps">dalam hal</span> <span class="hps">osmosis.</span> <span class="hps">Pada</span> <span class="hps">setiap sisi</span> <span class="hps">dari
tabung</span> <span class="hps">kami memiliki solusi</span> <span class="hps">air</span>
<span class="hps">dipisahkan</span> <span class="hps">oleh membran</span> <span class="hps">selektif</span> <span class="hps">permeabel</span>. <span class="hps">Titik-titik</span>
<span class="hps">biru</span> <span class="hps">mewakili</span> <span class="hps">zat
terlarut</span> <span class="hps">(Mereka</span> <span class="hps">bisa menjadi</span>
<span class="hps">molekul</span> <span class="hps">gula).</span> <span class="hps">Konsentrasi
zat terlarut</span> <span class="hps">lebih besar</span> <span class="hps">di
sebelah kiri</span> <span class="hps">daripada</span> <span class="hps">kanan.</span>
<span class="hps">Membran adalah</span> <span class="hps">kedap</span> <span class="hps">solut.</span> <span class="hps">Air</span> <span class="hps">akan
bergerak</span> <span class="hps">dari tempat itu</span> <span class="hps">lebih
terkonsentrasi</span> <span class="hps">ke tempat</span> <span class="hps">konsentrasi</span>
<span class="hps">air kurang</span> <span class="hps">(ingat bahwa</span> <span class="hps">adalah definisi dari</span> <span class="hps">difusi).</span> <span class="hps">Sekarang Anda</span> <span class="hps">harus melakukan</span> <span class="hps">switch</span>-hati <span class="hps">berpikir.</span> <span class="hps">Air</span>
<span class="hps">akan bergerak menuju</span> <span class="hps">sisi membran</span>
<span class="hps">di mana ada</span> <span class="hps">zat terlarut</span> <span class="hps">lebih.</span> <span class="hps">Hal ini terjadi karena</span> <span class="hps">di mana ada</span> <span class="hps">zat terlarut</span>, ada <span class="hps">sedikit air</span>. <span class="hps">Mengacu pada</span> <span class="hps">diagram,</span> <span class="hps">kita melihat</span> <span class="hps">air</span>
<span class="hps">yang mengalir</span> <span class="hps">dari samping</span> <span class="hps">dengan 0</span>% <span class="hps">zat terlarut</span> <span class="hps">ke
samping</span> <span class="hps">dengan</span> <span class="hps">zat terlarut</span>
<span class="hps">20%.</span> <span class="hps">Hal ini mengurangi</span> <span class="hps">konsentrasi</span> <span class="hps">untuk</span> <span class="hps">zat
terlarut</span> <span class="hps">15%</span> <span class="hps">dalam tabung</span> <span class="hps">B.</span> <span class="hps">air</span> <span class="hps">dari sisi kanan</span>
<span class="hps">tabung</span> <span class="hps">akan terus</span> <span class="hps">mencairkan</span> <span class="hps">solusi pada</span> <span class="hps">sisi
kiri</span> <span class="hps">sampai tekanan</span> <span class="hps">dari solusi</span>
<span class="hps">di sebelah kiri</span> <span class="hps">sama dengan tekanan</span>
<span class="hps">osmotik</span>, <span class="hps">yaitu sebagai</span> <span class="hps">molekul air</span> <span class="hps">banyak</span> <span class="hps">didorong</span>
<span class="hps">dari kiri ke kanan</span> <span class="hps">oleh tekanan</span> <span class="hps">dari kolom</span> <span class="hps">seperti juga</span> <span class="hps">menyebar</span> <span class="hps">dari kanan ke kiri</span> <span class="hps">melalui osmosis.</span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="EN-US">Organisme</span></span> tergantung pada osmosis untuk memindahkan air dari satu ruang ke yang
lain. Tidak ada mekanisme untuk transportasi aktif air karena ada untuk zat
lain seperti kalsium, natrium dan glukosa. Hal ini diperlukan untuk memompa
garam atau larutan lain dari sel ke dalam ruang jaringan dan menciptakan
gradien osmotik untuk memindahkan air dari sel. Sebaliknya, gradien osmotik
yang diperlukan untuk memindahkan air ke dalam sel. Untuk memahami ini lebih
baik kita perlu memeriksa apa yang terjadi pada sel ketika mereka ditempatkan
dalam larutan dengan konsentrasi zat terlarut yang berbeda. </div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="226" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1028" width="398" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Dalam
pengobatan</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">, dialisis <span class="hps">terutama digunakan</span> <span class="hps">untuk menyediakan</span> <span class="hps">pengganti</span> <span class="hps">buatan untuk</span> <span class="hps">fungsi
ginjal</span> <span class="hps">hilang (</span>terapi <span class="hps">penggantian
ginjal</span>) akibat <span class="hps">gagal ginjal.</span> <span class="hps">Dialisis</span>
<span class="hps">dapat </span></span><span lang="EN-US">digunakan</span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">
untuk</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span class="hps">pasien yang
sangat</span> <span class="hps">sakit yang</span> <span class="hps">tiba-tiba</span>
<span class="hps">tetapi</span> <span class="hps">untuk sementara,</span> <span class="hps">kehilangan</span> <span class="hps">fungsi ginjal</span> <span class="hps">(gagal ginjal</span> <span class="hps">akut)</span> <span class="hps">atau
untuk pasien</span> <span class="hps">cukup stabil</span> <span class="hps">yang
telah</span> <span class="hps">hilang secara permanen</span> <span class="hps">fungsi
ginjal</span> <span class="hps">(stadium</span> <span class="hps">5</span> <span class="hps">penyakit ginjal</span> <span class="hps">kronis).</span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk pasien dengan stadium 5, atau Tahap Akhir Penyakit Ginjal (ESKD),
penurunan fungsi ginjal terjadi selama periode bulan untuk tahun sampai tingkat
yang dicapai pada pengobatan yang dibutuhkan untuk bertahan hidup. Tidak
seperti Gagal Ginjal Akut (GGA) (Ginjal Cedera akut (AKI)), Gagal Ginjal Kronis
tidak bisa disembuhkan atau terbalik dan jangka panjang perawatan yang
diperlukan untuk menggantikan fungsi yang hilang dari ginjal. Perawatan untuk
ESKD yang paling alami menggantikan fungsi ginjal hilang adalah transplantasi
ginjal. Namun, beberapa pasien tidak kandidat yang baik untuk transplantasi
karena alasan medis atau lainnya, beberapa tidak dapat menerima transplantasi
karena kekurangan air ginjal donor, dan yang lain hanya memutuskan bahwa
transplantasi adalah bukan pilihan terbaik bagi mereka. Akibatnya, kebanyakan
pasien dengan ESKD harus bergantung pada dialisis untuk mengganti air dan
fungsi pembuangan sampah dari ginjal sehat.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">E.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Difusi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Difusi merupakan peristiwa ketika gas
zat dalam larutan yang mengambang karena gerakan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">molekul</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
ion, cenderung mengisi seluruh ruangan yang tersedia. Molekul sebuah zat yang
larut dalam larutan selalu berada dalam gerakan yang cenderung menyebar dari
daerah konsentrasi tinggi ke daerah konsentrasi rendah sampai konsentrasi sama
pada seluruh larutan. Difusi ion juga dipengaruhi oleh muatan listrik, bila
terdapat selisih potensial antara dua daerah ion yang bermuatan positif
bergerak menurut gradien listrik menuju ke daerah yang bermuatan negative, dan
ion-ion yang bermuatan negative bergerak ke arah yang berlawanan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ada
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">beberapa</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> faktor yang memengaruhi kecepatan
difusi, yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ukuran partikel. Semakin kecil
ukuran partikel, semakin cepat partikel itu akan bergerak, sehingga
kecepatan difusi semakin tinggi.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ketebalan membran. Semakin
tebal membran, semakin lambat kecepatan difusi.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Luas suatu area. Semakin besar
luas area, semakin cepat kecepatan difusinya.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jarak. Semakin besar jarak
antara dua konsentrasi, semakin lambat kecepatan difusinya.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suhu. Semakin tinggi suhu,
partikel mendapatkan energi untuk bergerak dengan lebih cepat. Maka,
semakin cepat pula kecepatan difusinya.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">F.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dialisis<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dialisis adalah tindakan medis yang
tugasnya dalam beberapa hal sama dengan yang dilakukan oleh </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ginjal</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
kita yang sehat. Dialisis diperlukan apabila ginjal kita tidak dapat lagi
bekerja sesuai dengan yang dibutuhkan oleh tubuh. Dialisis diperlukan apabila
sudah sampai pada tahap akhir kerusakan ginjal atau gagal ginjal terminal( End
Stage Renal Disease). Biasanya terjadi apabila kerusakan ginjal sudah mencapai
85-90 persen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">G.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ketonusan Larutan Isotonik <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Larutan isotonik adalah larutan yang mempunyai osmolalitas
sama efektifnya dengan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">cairan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> tubuh
(kira-kira 280-300 mOsm/kg). Contohnya adalah normal salin-larutan natrium
klorida (NaCl) 0,9%. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Hipertonik</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Larutan hipertonik adalah suatu larutan
dengan konsentrasi zat terlarut lebih tinggi (tekanan osmotik yang lebih
tinggi) dari pada yang lain sehingga air bergerak ke luar sel. Dalam lingkungan
hipertonik, tekanan osmotik menyebabkan air mengalir keluar sel. Jika cukup air
dipindahkan dengan cara ini, sitoplasma akan mempunyai konsentrasi air yang
sedikit sehingga sel tidak berfungsi lagi.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Hipotonik</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Larutan
hipotonik adalah suatu larutan dengan konsentrasi zat terlarut lebih rendah
(tekanan osmotik lebih </span><span lang="EN-US">rendah) dari pada yang lain sehingga air bergerak ke dalam sel.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US">BAB III<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US">PENUTUP<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US">A.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Kesimpulan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kompartemen Cairan Tubuh adalah Air
beserta unsur-unsur didalamnya yang diperlukan untuk kesehatan sel disebut
cairan tubuh. Yang terdiri dari cairan ekstraselular, cairan intraselular, dan
plasma darah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pergerakan air dan zat pelarut
diantara kompartemen cairan tubuh yang di dalamnya air beserta unsur-unsur yang
diperlukan untuk kesehatan sel disebut cairan tubuh. Cairan dalam plasma berada
dibawah tekanan hidrostastik lebih besar daripada tekanan interstisial. Oleh
karena itu cairan cenderung keluar dari pembuluh kapiler.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Osmosis adalah
kasus khusus dari difusi. Ini hanyalah difusi air melalui membran permeabel
selektif</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Difusi merupakan peristiwa ketika gas zat dalam
larutan yang mengambang karena gerakan molekul ion, cenderung mengisi seluruh
ruangan yang tersedia. Sedangkan Dialisis adalah tindakan medis yang tugasnya
dalam beberapa hal sama dengan yang dilakukan oleh ginjal kita yang sehat.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">4. <span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Ketonusan Larutan Isotonik</span><b><span lang="EN-US"> </span></b><span lang="EN-US">adalah larutan
yang mempunyai osmolalitas sama efektifnya dengan cairan tubuh (kira-kira
280-300 mOsm/kg). </span><span lang="EN-US">Larutan hipertonik adalah suatu
larutan dengan konsentrasi zat terlarut lebih tinggi (tekanan osmotik yang
lebih tinggi) dari pada yang lain sehingga air bergerak ke luar sel. Larutan hipotonik adalah suatu larutan dengan
konsentrasi zat terlarut lebih rendah (tekanan osmotik lebih rendah) dari pada
yang lain sehingga air bergerak ke dalam sel.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Churcil
Levingston (1989). Aids to fluid and Electrolite Behavior. Alih bahasa: Wili
Japaris (<i>keseimbangan cairan dan
Elektrolit</i>). Bina Rupa Aksara, Jakarta.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">K I M I A<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">“Cairan Tubuh”<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Diajukan
untuk Memenuhi Salah Satu Tugas <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mata Kuliah
Kimia<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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Oleh: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">MALA NURHAYANI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">NIM. 4201.0111.A.133<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">SEKOLAH TINGGI ILMU KESEHATAN (STIKes) CIREBON<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jl. Brigjen Dharsono
No. 12 B Cirebon, Telp. (0231) 247852<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">PROGRAM STUDI S1 KEPERAWATAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KATA PENGANTAR<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Puji syukur kehadirat ilahirabbi karena berkat
rahmat dan hidayahnya,saya menyusun makalah kimia tentang “Cairan Tubuh” dengan baik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Makalah ini berisi segala sesuatu yang berkaitan
dengan Cairan Tubuh yang ada di dalam tubuh manusia, tujuannya adalah sebagai
pedoman para siswa untuk mengerti lebih dalam Kimia yang di dalamnya terdapat
berbagai macam hal menyangkut Cairan Tubuh. Hal ini juga bertujuan untuk
mendorong para siswa supaya mengenal lebih dalam tentang Kimia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Saya ucapkan terima kasih kepada teman-teman dan
pihak-pihak yang telah membantu dalam penyusunan makalah ini. Kritik dan saran
yang membangun sangat saya harapkan untuk kesempurnaan makalah ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<o:p> </o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR
ISI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: right dotted 389.85pt left blank 14.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kata
pengantar......................................................................................................... <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daftar
isi.................................................................................................................. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 42.55pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
I PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Latar
Belakang................................................................................... 1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rumusan
Masalah............................................................................... 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
II PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kompartemen
Cairan Tubuh............................................................ .. 3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pergerakan
air dan zat pelarut diantara kompartemen Cairan Tubuh<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peran
/ manfaat / kegunaan / fungsi cairan tubuh............................ .. 8 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Osmosis............................................................................................
10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">E.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Difusi
................................................................................................. 13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">F.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dialysis............................................................................................... 14<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">G.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketonusan
larutan Isotonic................................................................. 15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
III PENUTUP<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan
..................................................................................... .. 16<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
<b>DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07603932376022842245noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7997065121951304751.post-28368862299095890732012-08-04T02:59:00.002-07:002012-08-04T02:59:48.314-07:00PENYAKIT STROKE<br />
<div align="center" class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">BAB I</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">A.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Latar Belakang </span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">Stroke menempati urutan kedua sebagai
penyebab kecacatan di negara maju dan penyebab kematian di dunia setelah
penyakit jantung iskemik (Lipska et al., 2007; van der Worp et al., 2007). Lebih
dari dua pertiga penderita stroke di dunia berasal dari negara berkembang, di
mana usia rata-rata penderitanya 15 tahun lebih muda daripada penderita di
negara maju (Lipska et al., 2007). Di Indonesia prevalensi stroke mencapai
angka 8,3 per 1.000 penduduk dan berdasarkan hasil Surkesnas 2001 penyakit
sistem sirkulasi darah berupa penyakit jantung, stroke, hipertensi, merupakan
penyebab utama kematian yaitu 26,3% kematian. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">Prevalensi stroke di Indonesia menempati
urutan pertama sebagai penyebab kematian utama semua umur di Indonesia. Stroke,
bersama-sama dengan hipertensi, penyakit jantung iskemik dan penyakit jantung
lainnya, juga merupakan penyakit tidak menular utama penyebab kematian di
Indonesia (Departemen Kesehatan R.I, 2009). </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">Dampak dari serangan stroke sangat
bergantung pada lokasi dan luasnya kerusakan, dan juga usia serta status
kesehatan sebelum stroke. Stroke hemoragik memiliki risiko kematian yang lebih
tinggi dari iskemik. Sekitar 20% dari penderita stroke akan bergantung pada
orang lain untuk melakukan kegiatan sehari-hari (seperti mencuci, berpakaian,
dan berjalan) pada 12 bulan pertama. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">Pentingnya memiliki pengetahuan tentang
penyakit stroke yaitu sebagai antisipasi terhadap upaya pencegahan timbulnya
penyakit stroke. Disamping itu pentingnya meningkatkan pengetahuan tentang
penyakit stroke bagi penderita stroke yaitu untuk mengoptimalkan usaha
penyembuhan penyakit stroke sehingga lebih efektif dan efisien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">B.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Tujuan</span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">Berdasarkan
uraian latar belakang di atas maka tujuan penulisan makalah ini sebagai
berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Mendeskripsikan definisi stroke</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klasifikasi stroke</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Faktor risiko terjadinya stroke</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Akibat penyakit stroke</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pemeriksaan penyakit stroke</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pencegahan penyakit stroke</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">C.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Manfaat</span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">Makalah
ini diharapkan dapat meningkatkan pengetahuan dan pemahaman penulis pada
khususnya dan pembaca pada umumnya tentang penyakit stroke. Pentingnya
pengetahuan tentang penyakit stroke yaitu sebagai upaya pencegahan terhadap
berbagai penyebab terjadinya stroke atau sebagai upaya peningkatan pengetahuan tentang
penyakit stroke.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<div align="center" class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">BAB II<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">TINJAUAN PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">A.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Definisi Stroke </span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">WHO mendefinisikan stroke sebagai gangguan
saraf yang menetap baik fokal maupun global(menyeluruh) yang disebabkan
gangguan aliran darah otak, yang mengakibatkan kerusakan pembuluh darah di
otak, yang berlangsung selama 24 jam atau lebih(Sutrisno,2007). </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">B.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Klasifikasi Stroke <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Stroke dapat diklasifikasikan berdasarkan
beberapa kriteria. Menurut Sutrisno klasifikasi tersebut antara lain: 1. Stroke
iskemik a. Trombosis serebri b. Emboli serebri 2. Stroke hemoragik a.
Perdarahan intraserebral b. Perdarahan subarakhnoid 3<i>. Transient Ischemic
Attack </i>(TIA) Secara keseluruhan, stroke iskemik terjadi tiga sampai empat
kali lebih banyak daripada stroke hemoragik dan mencakup sekitar 70-80% dari
seluruh penderita stroke. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">C.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Faktor Risiko Terjadinya
Stroke <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Faktor risiko terjadinya stroke dapat dibagi
menjadi dua kelompok, yaitu: </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Faktor risiko yang tidak dapat
dimodifikasi </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Usia </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Jenis kelamin </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Ras </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Riwayat keluarga </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">e.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Riwayat stroke/ TIA </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Faktor risiko yang dapat
dimodifikasi </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Hipertensi </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kolesterol </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Diabetes </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Penyakit Jantung </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">e.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Obesitas </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">f.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Konsumsi alkohol </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">g.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Stres (Heart & Stroke
Foundation). </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">D.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Akibat penyakit stroke <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Sekitar 8-20% penderita stroke iskemik
memiliki risiko kematian yang tinggi pada 30 hari pertama setelah serangan
stroke. Kematiannya lebih disebabkan komplikasi kardiopulmonal daripada
disebabkan kerusakan jaringan otaknya. Selain menyebabkan kematian, risiko lain
yang sering menimbulkan masalah adalah terjadinya <i>recurrent stroke </i>(stroke
berulang). Dan kemungkinan terjadinya stroke berulang pada 30 hari pertama
stroke sekitar 3-10%. Kejadian stroke berulang banyak menimbulkan kerugian,
seperti : peningkatan risiko kematian, rawat inap yang lebih lama, dan risiko
menimbulkan kecacatan yang lebih buruk (Houston&Rowland, 2000). </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US">E.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Pemeriksaan yang
Dilakukan pada Saat Terjadi Stroke <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Pemeriksaan neurologik dalam penanganan
kegawatdaruratan, termasuk kasus stroke iskemik, haruslah cepat, tepat dan
menyeluruh. Hal ini dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan skala atau sistem
skoring yang formal seperti <i>National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale </i>(NIHSS).
NIHSS tidak hanya menilai derajat defisit neurologis, tetapi juga memfasilitasi
komunikasi antara pasien dan tenaga medis, mengidentifikasi kemungkinan
sumbatan pembuluh darah, menentukan prognosis awal dan komplikasi serta
menentukan intervensi yang diperlukan. Skor NIHSS <20 mengindikasikan stroke
dalam tingkat ringan sampai sedang. Skor NIHSS ≥20 mengindikasikan stroke dalam
tingkat yang parah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="682" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_1" width="367" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="255" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_2" width="371" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tabel 2.1. National Institute of
Health Stroke Scale (Adams, dkk., 2007)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="402" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_3" width="367" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tabel 2.2. Pemeriksaan penunjang
dalam penanganan awal stroke iskemik (Adams, dkk., 2007)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">F.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Pencegahan Stroke <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Stroke memang
mematikan, tetapi bukan berarti tidak bisa dicegah. Menurut beberapa peneliti,
85% kemungkinan terjadinya stroke dapat dicegah. Untuk melakukan pencegahan,
penting untuk mengetahui faktor risiko apa yang dimiliki. Faktor risiko yang
penting diketahui adalah tekanan darah tinggi, penyakit jantung, dan diabetes
mellitus. Faktor tersebut harus dilakukan kontrol karena merupakan faktor
risiko utama, selain itu kita juga dapat mendeteksi dini terjadinya stroke jika
dilakukan kontrol dan pemeriksaan secara teratur yang bisa menghasilkan terapi
dan hasil yang lebih baik(Sutrisno,2007). Pencegahan stroke dapat dilakukan dengan
menjaga kebiasaan hidup sehat. Kebiasaan hidup sehat itu disebut juga paradigma
hidup sehat, yang berisi anjuran: 1.Hentikan merokok, 2.Hentikan kebiasaan
minum alkohol, 3.Periksa kadar kolesterol, 4.Periksa dan kontrol penyakit
diabetes, 5.Berolahraga secara teratur, 6.Kontrol konsumsi garam, 7.Hindari
stres dan depresi, 8.Hindari obesitas. (Sutrisno, 2007) Walaupun pasien telah
mengalami stroke, kita tetap melakukan pencegahan terjadinya stroke agar tidak
berulang. Dan fokus untuk pencegahannya bukan hanya anjuran hidup sehat
melainkan juga kontrol atau pengobatan terhadap faktor risiko yang dimiliki,
seperti: Pemberian terapi antiplatelet(Aspirin) untuk pencegahan serangan ulang
pada seluruh pasien yang sebelumnya mengalami stroke iskemik atau TIA dengan
dosis 50-325mg per hari. Selain itu diperlukan juga kontrol terhadap penyakit
jantung yang dimiliki seperti pemberian antikoagulan untuk penderita stroke
akibat kardioemboli.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Kontrol
terhadap penyakit vaskular, seperti : </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Hipertensi </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Hipertensi harus diatasi untuk mencegah terjadinya serangan ulang
stroke. Menurut <i>Canadian Hypertension Education Program </i>(CHEP), target
tekanan darah untuk pencegahan stroke adalah <140/90mmHg (135/85mmHg untuk
pengukuran di rumah). </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Diabetes </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Pada penderita diabetes, tekanan darah tetap kita kontrol dan
nilainya <130/80mmHg. Bagi penderita dianjurkan mencapai nilai hampir normal
untuk mengurangi komplikasi vaskular. Menurut <i>Canadian Diabetes Association</i>,
target untuk kadar gula darah adalah 4.0-7.0mmol/L saat puasa dan 5.0-10.0mmol/L
2 jam setelah makan. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kolesterol </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Pasien dengan kadar <i>Low Density Lipoproteins-</i>Cholesterol
(LDL-C) >2.0 mmol/L harus dilakukan modifikasi gaya hidup, diet, dan
pengobatan dengan statin. Hal ini dilakukan sampai didapati kadar LDL-C <2.0
mmol/L. Kontrol terhadap perilaku yang bisa diubah : </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Merokok </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Semua penderita stroke yang merokok harus dianjurkan berhenti
merokok. Hal ini dapat dilakukan dengan memberikan terapi tambahan berupa
terapi pengganti nikotin dan terapi perilaku. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Alkohol </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Pasien yang merupakan peminum berat seharusnya berhenti atau
mengurangi konsumsi alkohol sampai ke titik yang aman, yaitu berkisar 14
minuman dalam 1 minggu untuk pria dan 9 minuman untuk wanita. Tetapi, titik
aman tersebut tidak sama untuk semua orang sehingga berhenti mengkonsumsi
alkohol lebih baik.</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Obesitas </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Penurunan berat badan merupakan hal yang dianjurkan sampai dicapai
BMI 18.5-24.9kg/m2 dan lingkar pinggang <88 cm untuk wanita dan <102 cm
untuk pria. Konsumsi makanan rendah lemak dan natrium, dan banyak konsumsi buah
dan sayur dianjurkan. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Aktivitas fisik </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Bagi penderita stroke yang mampu melakukan aktivitas fisik, latihan
fisik 30-60 menit seperti berjalan, jogging, bersepeda selama 4-7 hari dalam
seminggu dapat mengurangi faktor risiko dan faktor lain yang dapat meningkatkan
kejadian stroke. (APSS,2007 dan AHA,2006).</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
III<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KESIMPULAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">Penyakit stroke merupakan gangguan saraf
yang menetap baik fokal maupun global(menyeluruh) yang disebabkan gangguan
aliran darah otak, yang mengakibatkan kerusakan pembuluh darah di otak. Dampak
dari serangan stroke sangat bergantung pada lokasi dan luasnya kerusakan, dan
juga usia serta status kesehatan sebelum stroke. Pentingnya memiliki
pengetahuan tentang penyakit stroke yaitu sebagai antisipasi terhadap upaya
pencegahan timbulnya penyakit stroke.</span></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Alberta Provincial Stroke Strategy. 2000. <i>Secondary Stroke
Prevention</i>. Alberta Provincial Stroke Strategy. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Davenport, R. & Dennis, M., 2000. Neurological Emergencies:
Acute Stroke. <i>J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry</i>, 68: 277-288. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Fischer, U., et. al., 2005. NIHSS Score and Arteriographic Findings
in Acute Ischemic Stroke. <i>Stroke</i>, 36: 2121-2125. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Hasnawati, Sugito, Purwanto, H., dan Brahim, R., 2009. <i>Profil
Kesehatan Indonesia 2008</i>. Pusat Data dan Informasi Departemen Kesehatan
Republik Indonesia. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Sastroasmoro, S. & Ismael, S., 2008. Dasar-dasar Metodologi
Penelitian Klinis. Edisi ketiga. Jakarta: Sagung Seto. </span></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07603932376022842245noreply@blogger.com0